Fig. 1
From: Assessing the effectiveness of empirical calibration under different bias scenarios
Bias of treatment estimates and the coverage of their standard errors by the 95% confidence interval in the unmeasured confounding scenario. In the “ideal” case the effect of confounders on the outcomes are the same, and in the “random coefficients” case these effects are randomised. Within each cell, the left funnel plot shows the estimates calibrated with negative controls only and the right funnel plot shows estimates calibrated with negative and positive controls