Demographics and clinical history | ||
Subgroup by age group |  < 2yo 179 (41.5% of total 431 episodes) |  >  = 2yo 252 (58.5% of total 431 episodes) |
 Female | 101 (56%) | 215 (85%) |
 Prior urinary tract pathology (including previous UTI) | 55 (31%) | 142 (56%) |
 On antibiotics at ED presentation2  Broad  Narrow | 6 (3%) 15 (8%) | 14 (6%) 26 (10%) |
Clinical symptoms recorded | ||
 Pain or discomfort referrable to the urinary tract (e.g., dysuria, genital pain) | 11 (6%) | 137 (54%) |
 Parent reported fever | 137 (77%) | 132 (52%) |
 Temperature > 38 °C | 43 (24%) | 64 (25%) |
 Abdominal pain | 5 (3%) | 139 (55%) |
 Foul smelling urine | 34 (19%) | 27 (11%) |
 Haematuria | 6 (3%) | 17 (7%) |
 Irritable | 72 (37%) | 19 (8%) |
 Lethargy | 52 (29%) | 51 (20%) |
 Nausea/vomiting | 76 (42%) | 93 (37%) |
 Poor oral intake | 85 (47%) | 76 (30%) |
 Diarrhoea | 25 (14%) | 12 (5%) |
 Respiratory symptoms | 46 (26%) | 43 (17%) |
ED Investigations and management recorded | ||
 C-reactive protein  ≥ 15 mg/L  Investigation not done | 49 (27%) 108 (60%) | 29 (12%) 206 (82%) |
 Leucocyte count   ≥ 10 × 10^9/L  Investigation not done | 57 (32%) 109 (61%) | 30 (12%) 209 (83%) |
 Neutrophil count  ≥ 8 × 10^9/L  Investigation not done | 26 (15%) 109 (61%) | 28 (11%) 209 (83%) |
 Broad spectrum2 antibiotic empirically prescribed | 57 (32%) | 82 (33%) |
 Patients discharged after ED consult | 108 (60%) | 217 (86%) |
Urine analysis | ||
 Method of urine specimen collection  Clean catch  Catheter  Suprapubic aspirate | 63 (35%) 70 (39%) 2 (1%) | 112 (44%) 16 (6%) 0 (0%) |
 Bacteria seen on microscopy | 110 (66%) | 94 (37%) |
 > 100 leucocytes per high power field | 107 (60%) | 145 (57%) |
 Moderate epithelial cells on microscopy | 21 (12%) | 32 (13%) |
 Leucocyte esterase (3 +) on urine dipstick | 51 (28%) | 100 (40%) |
 Nitrites detected on urine dipstick | 64 (36%) | 76 (30%) |
Urine culture | ||
 No growth | 47 (26%) | 103 (41%) |
 E.coli | 97 (54%) | 107 (42%) |
 Gram-negative bacteria (other than E.coli) | 6 (3%) | 10 (4%) |
 Gram-positive bacteria | 5 (3%) | 8 (3%) |
Subgroup by antibiotics use prior to ED | On antibiotic 61 (14%, n = 431) | Not on antibiotic 342 (79%, n = 431) |
 No growth | 35 (57%, n = 61) | 106 (31%, n = 342) |
 E.coli | 13 (21%, n = 61) | 177 (52%, n = 342) |
 Gram-negative bacteria (other than E.coli) | 4 (7%, n = 61) | 11 (3%, n = 342) |
 Gram-positive bacteria | 2 (3%, n = 61) | 11 (3%, n = 342) |