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Table 1 Prospective cohort study summary statistics

From: Urinary tract infections in children: building a causal model-based decision support tool for diagnosis with domain knowledge and prospective data

Demographics and clinical history

Subgroup by age group

 < 2yo 179 (41.5% of total 431 episodes)

 >  = 2yo 252 (58.5% of total 431 episodes)

 Female

101 (56%)

215 (85%)

 Prior urinary tract pathology (including previous UTI)

55 (31%)

142 (56%)

 On antibiotics at ED presentation2

 Broad

 Narrow

6 (3%)

15 (8%)

14 (6%)

26 (10%)

Clinical symptoms recorded

 Pain or discomfort referrable to the urinary tract (e.g., dysuria, genital pain)

11 (6%)

137 (54%)

 Parent reported fever

137 (77%)

132 (52%)

 Temperature > 38 °C

43 (24%)

64 (25%)

 Abdominal pain

5 (3%)

139 (55%)

 Foul smelling urine

34 (19%)

27 (11%)

 Haematuria

6 (3%)

17 (7%)

 Irritable

72 (37%)

19 (8%)

 Lethargy

52 (29%)

51 (20%)

 Nausea/vomiting

76 (42%)

93 (37%)

 Poor oral intake

85 (47%)

76 (30%)

 Diarrhoea

25 (14%)

12 (5%)

 Respiratory symptoms

46 (26%)

43 (17%)

ED Investigations and management recorded

 C-reactive protein

 ≥ 15 mg/L

 Investigation not done

49 (27%)

108 (60%)

29 (12%)

206 (82%)

 Leucocyte count

  ≥ 10 × 10^9/L

 Investigation not done

57 (32%)

109 (61%)

30 (12%)

209 (83%)

 Neutrophil count

 ≥ 8 × 10^9/L

 Investigation not done

26 (15%)

109 (61%)

28 (11%)

209 (83%)

 Broad spectrum2 antibiotic empirically prescribed

57 (32%)

82 (33%)

 Patients discharged after ED consult

108 (60%)

217 (86%)

Urine analysis

 Method of urine specimen collection

 Clean catch

 Catheter

 Suprapubic aspirate

63 (35%)

70 (39%)

2 (1%)

112 (44%)

16 (6%)

0 (0%)

 Bacteria seen on microscopy

110 (66%)

94 (37%)

 > 100 leucocytes per high power field

107 (60%)

145 (57%)

 Moderate epithelial cells on microscopy

21 (12%)

32 (13%)

 Leucocyte esterase (3 +) on urine dipstick

51 (28%)

100 (40%)

 Nitrites detected on urine dipstick

64 (36%)

76 (30%)

Urine culture

 No growth

47 (26%)

103 (41%)

 E.coli

97 (54%)

107 (42%)

 Gram-negative bacteria (other than E.coli)

6 (3%)

10 (4%)

 Gram-positive bacteria

5 (3%)

8 (3%)

Subgroup by antibiotics use prior to ED

On antibiotic 61 (14%, n = 431)

Not on antibiotic 342 (79%, n = 431)

 No growth

35 (57%, n = 61)

106 (31%, n = 342)

 E.coli

13 (21%, n = 61)

177 (52%, n = 342)

 Gram-negative bacteria (other than E.coli)

4 (7%, n = 61)

11 (3%, n = 342)

 Gram-positive bacteria

2 (3%, n = 61)

11 (3%, n = 342)

  1. Unless stated otherwise, all percentages were calculated using positively reported observations within each age group (i.e., as a percentage of the 179 cases for < 2yo, and 252 cases for >  = 2yo). Of note, when a variable (e.g., abdominal pain) was not reported, it’s likely that the child reported no pain (confirmed negative observation) or the data was missing (e.g., not queried or recorded by the treating doctors)