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Table 1 Characteristics of cases in the full cohort. Outcome categories 1, 2, and 3 refer to cases that were alive without readmission to the hospital within 30 days post discharge, alive with readmission within 30 days post discharge and dead inpatient or within 30 days post discharge, respectively

From: AutoScore-Ordinal: an interpretable machine learning framework for generating scoring models for ordinal outcomes

 

Overall (n = 445,989)

Outcome category 1 (alive, no readmission; n = 359,961)

Outcome category 2 (alive, with readmission; n = 55,552)

Outcome category 3 (death; n = 30,476)

Patient demographics

 Age (years; mean (SD))

61.66 (18.24)

60.16 (18.55)

66.38 (15.86)

70.84 (13.83)

 Male (%)

222,644 (49.9)

177,267 (49.2)

28,753 (51.8)

16,624 (54.5)

 Race (%)

  Chinese

27,471 (6.2)

24,615 (6.8)

1958 (3.5)

898 (2.9)

  Indian

316,474 (71.0)

250,930 (69.7)

41,022 (73.8)

24,522 (80.5)

  Malay

47,508 (10.7)

39,606 (11.0)

5973 (10.8)

1929 (6.3)

  Others

54,536 (12.2)

44,810 (12.4)

6599 (11.9)

3127 (10.3)

Comorbidity (%)

 Myocardial infarction

26,594 (6.0)

15,653 (4.3)

6242 (11.2)

4699 (15.4)

 Congestive heart failure

49,575 (11.1)

32,360 (9.0)

11,809 (21.3)

5406 (17.7)

 Peripheral vascular disease

25,878 (5.8)

16,701 (4.6)

6258 (11.3)

2919 (9.6)

 Stroke

57,730 (12.9)

41,674 (11.6)

10,463 (18.8)

5593 (18.4)

 Dementia

12,385 (2.8)

8129 (2.3)

2625 (4.7)

1631 (5.4)

 Pulmonary

42,770 (9.6)

30,385 (8.4)

8868 (16.0)

3517 (11.5)

 Rheumatic

6180 (1.4)

4645 (1.3)

1147 (2.1)

388 (1.3)

 Peptic ulcer disease

17,193 (3.9)

11,834 (3.3)

3478 (6.3)

1881 (6.2)

 Mild liver disease

20,483 (4.6)

14,318 (4.0)

4216 (7.6)

1949 (6.4)

 Severe liver disease

7119 (1.6)

3863 (1.1)

1906 (3.4)

1350 (4.4)

 Diabetes (without complications)

55,699 (12.5)

42,529 (11.8)

8756 (15.8)

4414 (14.5)

 Diabetes with complications

104,682 (23.5)

76,553 (21.3)

19,987 (36.0)

8142 (26.7)

 Paralysis

24,903 (5.6)

17,683 (4.9)

4692 (8.4)

2528 (8.3)

 Renal

91,213 (20.5)

62,033 (17.2)

20,290 (36.5)

8890 (29.2)

 Cancer (non-metastatic)

39,571 (8.9)

27,627 (7.7)

6778 (12.2)

5166 (17.0)

 Metastatic cancer

35,225 (7.9)

18,469 (5.1)

5683 (10.2)

11,073 (36.3)

ED Admission

 ED LOS (hours; mean (SD))

2.86 (1.70)

2.84 (1.72)

2.58 (1.62)

2.12 (1.42)

 ED Triage code (%)

  P1

83,221 (18.7)

59,513 (16.5)

11,696 (21.1)

12,012 (39.4)

  P2

250,382 (56.1)

199,708 (55.5)

33,906 (61.0)

16,768 (55.0)

  P3 and P4

112,386 (25.2)

100,740 (28.0)

9950 (17.9)

1696 (5.6)

 ED Boarding Time (hours; mean (SD))

4.78 (3.81)

4.80 (3.79)

4.79 (3.94)

4.48 (3.89)

 Consultation Waiting Time (hours; mean (SD))

0.77 (0.80)

0.80 (0.82)

0.71 (0.72)

0.53 (0.60)

Inpatient admission

 Day of Week (%)

  Friday

62,453 (14.0)

50,314 (14.0)

7801 (14.0)

4338 (14.2)

  Monday

74,192 (16.6)

60,142 (16.7)

9091 (16.4)

4959 (16.3)

  Weekend

115,418 (25.9)

92,387 (25.7)

14,604 (26.3)

8427 (27.7)

  Midweek

193,926 (43.5)

157,118 (43.6)

24,056 (43.3)

12,752 (41.8)

 Admission Type (%)

  A1

16,814 (3.8)

14,795 (4.1)

1195 (2.2)

824 (2.7)

  B1

37,345 (8.4)

32,938 (9.2)

2658 (4.8)

1749 (5.7)

  B2

212,261 (47.6)

174,752 (48.5)

23,238 (41.8)

14,271 (46.8)

  C

179,569 (40.3)

137,476 (38.2)

28,461 (51.2)

13,632 (44.7)

 Previous LOS (days; mean (SD))

3.57 (8.55)

3.04 (7.90)

5.34 (10.00)

6.50 (11.55)

Healthcare utilisation in the previous year

 No. inpatient visits (mean (SD))

0.93 (2.21)

0.62 (1.42)

2.66 (4.46)

1.44 (2.17)

 No. surgery (mean (SD))

0.20 (0.74)

0.15 (0.63)

0.42 (1.10)

0.37 (0.99)

 No. ICU stays (mean (SD))

0.02 (0.25)

0.02 (0.22)

0.05 (0.35)

0.05 (0.36)

 No. HD stays (mean (SD))

0.09 (0.47)

0.07 (0.40)

0.17 (0.68)

0.17 (0.69)

Vital sign and clinical tests

 Ventilation (%)

89 (0.0)

47 (0.0)

7 (0.0)

35 (0.1)

 Resuscitation (%)

9083 (2.0)

6211 (1.7)

1045 (1.9)

1827 (6.0)

 Pulse, beat/minute (mean (SD))a

82.85 (17.23)

81.99 (16.73)

83.35 (17.00)

92.05 (20.51)

 Respiration, breath/minute (mean (SD))a

17.84 (1.77)

17.76 (1.60)

17.98 (1.81)

18.59 (2.98)

 SpO2, % (mean (SD))a

97.98 (3.25)

98.05 (3.05)

97.93 (3.12)

97.34 (5.22)

 DBP, mmHg (mean (SD))a

71.33 (13.55)

71.67 (13.36)

71.14 (13.70)

67.62 (14.93)

 SBP, mmHg (mean (SD))a

133.68 (25.53)

134.05 (25.19)

135.98 (26.22)

125.13 (26.63)

 Bicarbonate, mmol/L (mean (SD))a

22.78 (3.78)

22.91 (3.55)

22.55 (3.97)

21.67 (5.39)

 Creatinine, μmol/L (mean (SD))a

154.70 (208.52)

142.72 (196.69)

213.21 (259.28)

185.61 (215.82)

 Potassium, mmol/L (mean (SD))a

4.16 (0.72)

4.14 (0.69)

4.23 (0.76)

4.36 (0.91)

 Sodium, mmol/L (mean (SD))a

135.02 (5.17)

135.30 (4.84)

134.56 (5.39)

132.76 (7.30)

  1. Outcome categories were compared using Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square test for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. All tests had p-value< 0.001
  2. DBP diastolic blood pressure, ED emergency department, HD high dependency ward, ICU intensive care unit, LOS length of stay, SBP systolic blood pressure, SD standard deviation, SpO2 blood oxygen saturation
  3. aExcluding 9365 missing entries for pulse, 10,772 missing entries for respiration, 10,704 missing entries for SpO2, 5348 missing entries for SBP and DBP, 56857 missing entries for bicarbonate, 56,742 missing entries for creatinine, 58,747 missing entries for potassium, and 56,678 missing entries for sodium