| Overall (n = 445,989) | Outcome category 1 (alive, no readmission; n = 359,961) | Outcome category 2 (alive, with readmission; n = 55,552) | Outcome category 3 (death; n = 30,476) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Patient demographics | ||||
 Age (years; mean (SD)) | 61.66 (18.24) | 60.16 (18.55) | 66.38 (15.86) | 70.84 (13.83) |
 Male (%) | 222,644 (49.9) | 177,267 (49.2) | 28,753 (51.8) | 16,624 (54.5) |
 Race (%) | ||||
  Chinese | 27,471 (6.2) | 24,615 (6.8) | 1958 (3.5) | 898 (2.9) |
  Indian | 316,474 (71.0) | 250,930 (69.7) | 41,022 (73.8) | 24,522 (80.5) |
  Malay | 47,508 (10.7) | 39,606 (11.0) | 5973 (10.8) | 1929 (6.3) |
  Others | 54,536 (12.2) | 44,810 (12.4) | 6599 (11.9) | 3127 (10.3) |
Comorbidity (%) | ||||
 Myocardial infarction | 26,594 (6.0) | 15,653 (4.3) | 6242 (11.2) | 4699 (15.4) |
 Congestive heart failure | 49,575 (11.1) | 32,360 (9.0) | 11,809 (21.3) | 5406 (17.7) |
 Peripheral vascular disease | 25,878 (5.8) | 16,701 (4.6) | 6258 (11.3) | 2919 (9.6) |
 Stroke | 57,730 (12.9) | 41,674 (11.6) | 10,463 (18.8) | 5593 (18.4) |
 Dementia | 12,385 (2.8) | 8129 (2.3) | 2625 (4.7) | 1631 (5.4) |
 Pulmonary | 42,770 (9.6) | 30,385 (8.4) | 8868 (16.0) | 3517 (11.5) |
 Rheumatic | 6180 (1.4) | 4645 (1.3) | 1147 (2.1) | 388 (1.3) |
 Peptic ulcer disease | 17,193 (3.9) | 11,834 (3.3) | 3478 (6.3) | 1881 (6.2) |
 Mild liver disease | 20,483 (4.6) | 14,318 (4.0) | 4216 (7.6) | 1949 (6.4) |
 Severe liver disease | 7119 (1.6) | 3863 (1.1) | 1906 (3.4) | 1350 (4.4) |
 Diabetes (without complications) | 55,699 (12.5) | 42,529 (11.8) | 8756 (15.8) | 4414 (14.5) |
 Diabetes with complications | 104,682 (23.5) | 76,553 (21.3) | 19,987 (36.0) | 8142 (26.7) |
 Paralysis | 24,903 (5.6) | 17,683 (4.9) | 4692 (8.4) | 2528 (8.3) |
 Renal | 91,213 (20.5) | 62,033 (17.2) | 20,290 (36.5) | 8890 (29.2) |
 Cancer (non-metastatic) | 39,571 (8.9) | 27,627 (7.7) | 6778 (12.2) | 5166 (17.0) |
 Metastatic cancer | 35,225 (7.9) | 18,469 (5.1) | 5683 (10.2) | 11,073 (36.3) |
ED Admission | ||||
 ED LOS (hours; mean (SD)) | 2.86 (1.70) | 2.84 (1.72) | 2.58 (1.62) | 2.12 (1.42) |
 ED Triage code (%) | ||||
  P1 | 83,221 (18.7) | 59,513 (16.5) | 11,696 (21.1) | 12,012 (39.4) |
  P2 | 250,382 (56.1) | 199,708 (55.5) | 33,906 (61.0) | 16,768 (55.0) |
  P3 and P4 | 112,386 (25.2) | 100,740 (28.0) | 9950 (17.9) | 1696 (5.6) |
 ED Boarding Time (hours; mean (SD)) | 4.78 (3.81) | 4.80 (3.79) | 4.79 (3.94) | 4.48 (3.89) |
 Consultation Waiting Time (hours; mean (SD)) | 0.77 (0.80) | 0.80 (0.82) | 0.71 (0.72) | 0.53 (0.60) |
Inpatient admission | ||||
 Day of Week (%) | ||||
  Friday | 62,453 (14.0) | 50,314 (14.0) | 7801 (14.0) | 4338 (14.2) |
  Monday | 74,192 (16.6) | 60,142 (16.7) | 9091 (16.4) | 4959 (16.3) |
  Weekend | 115,418 (25.9) | 92,387 (25.7) | 14,604 (26.3) | 8427 (27.7) |
  Midweek | 193,926 (43.5) | 157,118 (43.6) | 24,056 (43.3) | 12,752 (41.8) |
 Admission Type (%) | ||||
  A1 | 16,814 (3.8) | 14,795 (4.1) | 1195 (2.2) | 824 (2.7) |
  B1 | 37,345 (8.4) | 32,938 (9.2) | 2658 (4.8) | 1749 (5.7) |
  B2 | 212,261 (47.6) | 174,752 (48.5) | 23,238 (41.8) | 14,271 (46.8) |
  C | 179,569 (40.3) | 137,476 (38.2) | 28,461 (51.2) | 13,632 (44.7) |
 Previous LOS (days; mean (SD)) | 3.57 (8.55) | 3.04 (7.90) | 5.34 (10.00) | 6.50 (11.55) |
Healthcare utilisation in the previous year | ||||
 No. inpatient visits (mean (SD)) | 0.93 (2.21) | 0.62 (1.42) | 2.66 (4.46) | 1.44 (2.17) |
 No. surgery (mean (SD)) | 0.20 (0.74) | 0.15 (0.63) | 0.42 (1.10) | 0.37 (0.99) |
 No. ICU stays (mean (SD)) | 0.02 (0.25) | 0.02 (0.22) | 0.05 (0.35) | 0.05 (0.36) |
 No. HD stays (mean (SD)) | 0.09 (0.47) | 0.07 (0.40) | 0.17 (0.68) | 0.17 (0.69) |
Vital sign and clinical tests | ||||
 Ventilation (%) | 89 (0.0) | 47 (0.0) | 7 (0.0) | 35 (0.1) |
 Resuscitation (%) | 9083 (2.0) | 6211 (1.7) | 1045 (1.9) | 1827 (6.0) |
 Pulse, beat/minute (mean (SD))a | 82.85 (17.23) | 81.99 (16.73) | 83.35 (17.00) | 92.05 (20.51) |
 Respiration, breath/minute (mean (SD))a | 17.84 (1.77) | 17.76 (1.60) | 17.98 (1.81) | 18.59 (2.98) |
 SpO2, % (mean (SD))a | 97.98 (3.25) | 98.05 (3.05) | 97.93 (3.12) | 97.34 (5.22) |
 DBP, mmHg (mean (SD))a | 71.33 (13.55) | 71.67 (13.36) | 71.14 (13.70) | 67.62 (14.93) |
 SBP, mmHg (mean (SD))a | 133.68 (25.53) | 134.05 (25.19) | 135.98 (26.22) | 125.13 (26.63) |
 Bicarbonate, mmol/L (mean (SD))a | 22.78 (3.78) | 22.91 (3.55) | 22.55 (3.97) | 21.67 (5.39) |
 Creatinine, μmol/L (mean (SD))a | 154.70 (208.52) | 142.72 (196.69) | 213.21 (259.28) | 185.61 (215.82) |
 Potassium, mmol/L (mean (SD))a | 4.16 (0.72) | 4.14 (0.69) | 4.23 (0.76) | 4.36 (0.91) |
 Sodium, mmol/L (mean (SD))a | 135.02 (5.17) | 135.30 (4.84) | 134.56 (5.39) | 132.76 (7.30) |