Fig. 1From: Adjusting for outcome risk factors in immigrant datasets: total or direct effects?Directed acyclic graphs. The association between country of birth (\(\mathrm{E}\)) and a health outcome (\(\mathrm{D}\)) involving an outcome risk factor (\(\mathrm{R}\)). A gray node indicates an unmeasured variable. See details in the text for interpretations. Abbreviations: SES, socioeconomic status; BMI, body mass indexBack to article page