Table 3 Resources used by systems mostly based on pattern matching and/or rule-based methods.
De-identification system | Knowledge resources | Principal methods |
|---|---|---|
Beckwith | Lists of proper names, locations | Regular expressions and dictionaries. |
Berman | UMLS Metathesaurus, stop words | Dictionaries |
Fielstein | Lists of cities and VA PHI (patient names, SSNs, MRNs...) | Regular expressions and dictionaries. |
Friedlin | Lists of names (including Regenstrief patients), locations. | Regular expressions and dictionaries; identifiers in HL7 messages. |
Gupta (De-ID system) | UMLS Metathesaurus, institution-specific identifiers | Regular expressions and dictionaries; identifiers in report headers. |
Morrison (MedLEE) | MedLEE lexicon and UMLS Metathesaurus. | Rules/grammar-based, with dictionaries. |
Neamatullah | Lists of common English words (non-PHI), names, locations, UMLS Metathesaurus and other medical terms, known patients and healthcare providers in the institution. | Regular expressions and dictionaries. |
Ruch | MEDTAG lexicon (enriched with healthcare institution names, drug names, procedures, and devices) | Rule-based, with dictionaries. |
Sweeney | Lists of names, U.S. states, countries, medical terms. | Rule-based, with dictionaries. |
Thomas | List of names, UMLS Metathesaurus, Ispell terms. | Regular expressions and dictionaries. |