Figure 5From: Detecting and correcting the bias of unmeasured factors using perturbation analysis: a data-mining approach Perturbation diagnostics for a hypothetical data ( n  = 200) taken from Table 1 (A: perturbation adjustment for positive confounding; B: perturbation adjustment for negative confounding). The perturbation variables have an f PV of 0.025 and are dependent of one another through a first-order Markov chain with an odds ratio of 10.0 between successive perturbation variables. Bootstrap was done for a total of 10000 times. Back to article page