Table 5 Prevalence of risks and problems identified with the HRA-O questionnaire at the three study sites
From: Development, feasibility and performance of a health risk appraisal questionnaire for older persons
Domain | Definition of problem/risk | London (U.K.) | Hamburg (Germany) | Solothurn (Switzerland) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Accident prevention | Driving without using seat belt | 16.6% (174/1051) | 4.8% (37/765) | 12.7% (90/707) |
Alcohol use | Possible hazardous alcohol use | 20.4% (219/1071) | 18.8% (133/706) | 14.4% (85/591) |
Falls | History of repeated falls in previous 12 months | 10.6% (111/1048) | 7.5% (58/772) | 7.2% (50/691) |
| Â | Self-reported limitation of activities due to fear of falling | 21.6% (230/1064) | 24.1% (189/785) | 23.5% (167/711) |
Functional status | Difficulty in ≥1 BADL item | 4.0% (43/1076) | 10.4% (82/790) | 6.4% (47/730) |
|  | Difficulty/need for human assistance in ≥2 IADL item | 16.7% (178/1063) | 23.2% (182/785) | 19.1% (135/708) |
| Â | Changed way of doing an activity | 51.9% (544/1048) | 46.7% (362/775) | 51.6% (366/709) |
| Â | Decreased frequency of activity | 36.8% (379/1029) | 37.5% (285/760) | 37.4% (262/700) |
Health status | Moderate or fair self-perceived health status | 22.1% (239/1080) | 29.9% (238/796) | 15.9% (116/730) |
Hearing | Impaired hearing | 20.7% (206/994) | 20.4% (155/759) | 28.5% (178/624) |
| Â | No hearing check-up in previous year | 84.6% (908/1073) | 63.9% (508/795) | 66.2% (473/715) |
Incontinence | Urinary incontinence on > 5 days during the last year | 10.7% (111/1042) | 27.2% (210/772) | 20.6% (144/698) |
Medication use | Use of ≥4 medications | 34.2% (361/1056) | 44.3% (332/749) | 30.4% (200/657) |
| Â | Use of long-acting benzodiazepine or amitriptyline | 5.6% (59/1053) | 7.6% (58/768) | 7.5% (54/719) |
| Â | Medication side effect | 11.9% (123/1030) | 15.1% (114/755) | 9.8% (64/652) |
| Â | Difficulties with medication compliance | 9.4% (90/961) | 8.0% (53/660) | 5.9% (33/564) |
Medical History | Presence of three or more chronic condition(s) | 33.4% (354/1059) | 52.2% (396/758) | 39.5% (279/707) |
Memory | Memory problems | 10.2% (107/1053) | 5.2% (41/781) | 6.6% (46/701) |
Mood | Depressive mood | 14.3% (155/1085) | 24.1% (191/792) | 14.4% (105/731) |
Nutrition | Consumption of >2 high fat food items per day | 76.1% (788/1035) | 35.1% (258/735) | 55.7% (354/635) |
| Â | Consumption of <5 fruit/fibre items per day | 61.1% (635/1039) | 81.2% (608/749) | 74.8% (489/654) |
| Â | Body mass index <20 | 4.8% (49/1030) | 2.3% (18/787) | 2.0% (14/709) |
|  | Body mass index ≥27 | 32.9% (339/1030) | 41.0% (323/787) | 52.9% (375/709) |
| Â | Loss of weight | 3.4% (36/1069) | 4.2% (33/795) | 4.8% (35/734) |
Oral Health | Oral health problem | 43.9% (463/1054) | 28.5% (224/787) | 27.1% (188/694) |
| Â | No dental check in previous year | 25.9% (279/1077) | 17.4% (139/797) | 42.5% (306/720) |
Physical activity | Less than 5 times/week moderate or strenuous activity | 90.7% (933/1029) | 80.1% (595/743) | 88.4% (524/593) |
Preventative care | No blood pressure check in previous year | 17.1% (186/1087) | 2.5% (20/792) | 4.8% (35/734) |
| Â | Elevated self-reported blood pressure | 67.5% (166/246) | 61.0% (383/628) | 58.4% (261/447) |
| Â | No mammography in previous 2 years (age < 70) | 61.0% (94/154) | not available | 70.6% (72/102) |
| Â | No cervical smear in previous 3 years | 89.7% (525/585) | 36.8% (178/484) | 60.7% (244/402) |
| Â | No cholesterol measurement in previous 5 years (age < 75) | 43.2% (261/604) | 6.0% (32/534) | 24.9% (99/397) |
| Â | Elevated self-reported cholesterol (age < 75) | 8.7% (8/92) | 40.3% (94/233) | 15.2% (5/33) |
| Â | No faecal occult blood test in previous year (age < 80) | 93.0% (796/856) | 35.0% (233/665) | 68.5% (395/577) |
| Â | No blood glucose measurement in previous 3 years | 78.7% (852/1082) | 10.8% (85/784) | 24.7% (172/695) |
| Â | No influenza vaccination in previous year | 18.2% (198/1087) | 40.7% (323/794) | 53.9% (395/733) |
| Â | No pneumococcal vaccination (ever) | 78.8% (853/1083) | 89.7% (703/784) | 91.3% (639/700) |
Pain | Presence of moderate to severe pain | 27.9% (291/1044) | 37.0% (282/762) | 24.9% (166/667) |
Social factors | Low level of emotional support | 10.6% (114/1076) | 8.8% (69/784) | 9.4% (64/681) |
| Â | High risk of social isolation | 14.1% (152/1076) | 19.1% (150/784) | 9.7% (66/681) |
| Â | Marginal family ties | 14.4% (155/1076) | 18.1% (142/784) | 6.6% (45/681) |
| Â | Marginal friendship ties | 17.9% (193/1076) | 20.8% (163/784) | 18.5% (126/681) |
| Â | No participation in groups | 32.2% (347/1077) | 37.9% (301/795) | 20.9% (149/713) |
Tobacco use | Current tobacco use | 11.2% (114/1021) | 13.1% (97/739) | 13.3% (86/645) |
Vision | Problem in ≥1 vision sub-domain | 16.5% (169/1026) | 16.2% (125/770) | 13.7% (93/681) |
| Â | No vision check-up in previous year | 34.1% (369/1081) | 28.3% (225/795) | 38.3% (280/732) |