Table 8 Reported responsiveness of GAS in included studies
First author | Year | Drug study | N | Methods and results | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cusick | 2006 | Yes | 41 | Ability to detect change overtime, and ability to detect difference in change between groups was measured with regression coefficients and effect sizes. Effect size for the weighted GAS scale: 0.55 (p = 0.036), and for the Likert scale 0,91 (p = 0.003). | +/− Doubtful design or method |
Gordon | 1999 | No | 53 | GAS was the most responsive measure, with the highest effect size (1.29) and the highest relative efficiency (53.7). | +/− Doubtful design or method |
Hartman | 1997 | No | 10 | Effect size statistic of 2.34; paired t-test before-after of 2.9 (df = 9, p = 0.017). | +/− Doubtful design or method |
Khan | 2008 | No | 24 | Effect size 9.0, t = 10.0, Standardized response mean = 2.4 | +/− Doubtful design or method |
Palisano | 1993 | No | 21 | Of the 84 goals that were formulated for the study, similar information was obtained with the behavioral objective and GAS formats for 33 (39 %) of the goals, and change that could not be measured with the behavioral objective format was measured with the GAS format for 51 (61 %) of the goals. Of the 17 behavioral objectives that were not achieved, the corresponding GAS score documented progress toward the expected outcome (score of - 1) for 2 (12 %) of the goals. Of the 67 behavioral objectives that were achieved, the corresponding GAS score documented progress that exceeded he criteria for achievement of the behavioral objective (score of +1 or +2) for 49 (73 %) of the goals. | +/− Doubtful design or method |
Rockwood | 1993 | No | 45 | RE = 4.5; ES = 5.0 | +/− Doubtful design or method |
Rockwood | 1997 | No | 44 | Relative efficiency: 7.8; Effect size: 5.11 | +/− Doubtful design or method |
Rockwood | 2003 | No | 265 | GAS was more responsive than other measures for functional improvement in the elderly; Effect size Cohen’s D: 7.8; SRM: 1.2; NRS: 0.58; Relative efficiency: 57. | +/− Doubtful design or method |
Steenbeek | 2011 | No | 23 | Individual change score was found in 9/23 (physical), 18/23 (occupational) and 12/18 (speech), and for only one patient a change score was found in the GMFM-66 | +/− Doubtful design or method |
Stolee | 1999 | No | 173 | GAS ES = 3.52; Standardized response mean = 1.73; Relative efficiency = 3.14 | +/− Doubtful design or method |
Stolee | 2012 | No | 90 | All three measures of responsiveness indicated that GAS was able to detect meaningful change in this setting: Paired t-test: T(89) = −17.48; p <0.001, SRM = 1.85 (95 % CI 1.50–2.19), ES = 3.27 | +/− Doubtful design or method |
Turner-Stokes | 2009 | No | 164 | SRM: non-weighed GAS = 2.23, weighed GAS = 2.29. Effect sizes: non-weighed GAS = 3.16, weighed GAS = 3.54 | +/− Doubtful design or method |
Turner-Stokes | 2010 | Yes | 90 | The group was divided in responders and non-responders, based on the basis of their mean global benefit at the end of the study; across the whole sample, a change in GAS score from baseline of 6 predicted a positive response, with 52 % sensitivity, 85 % specificity, 81 % positive predictive value and 60 % negative predictive value. | +/− Doubtful design or method |
Yip | 1998 | No | 143 | Standardized Response Mean was calculated for each instrument, by dividing the mean difference between post-treatment and pre-treatment status by the standard deviation of the mean change score. The SRM was 1.56 for GAS, compared with 0.89, 0.82, 0.72 and 0.54 for the Barthel, Katz, OARS-IADL, and SMMSE, respectively. | +/− Doubtful design or method |