Fig. 4

Methods included in each of the articles. Where estimators of the same method are compared, these are specified within the table. 2SPS – Two-stage predictor substitution; 2SRI – Two-stage residual inclusion; 2SLS – Two-stage least squares; NPCB – Non-parametric causal bound; MLE – Maximum likelihood estimation; RCT – Randomised controlled trial; IV – Instrumental variables; ITT – Intention to treat; AT – As treated; PP – Per protocol; RPSFTM – Rank preserving structural failure time model; CALM -Causal accelerated life model; C-Prophet - Compliers proportional hazards effect of treatment; CHARM - Causal hazard ratio adjustment regression model; CACE – Complier average causal effect; LTGM – Latent treat grizzle model; *Compare ordinary and weighted least squares methods of adjustment for CL variable. **Compares ITT to unnamed “corrected method”. ***Also compare Cox model with binary and time-varying covariate. †Compares HLM with as-assigned or as-treated cluster