Table 2 Factor structure of research outcome preferences

Lower severity or intensity of pain

3.90 (0.96)

0.44

0.70

− 0.16

0.48

− 0.19

0.67

Better physical functioning

3.88 (1.01)

0.47

0.66

− 0.02

0.52

− 0.03

0.61

Learning new ways to manage pain

3.94 (0.98)

0.25

0.76

0.20

0.28

0.17

0.76

Increased frequency of healthy behaviors like exercise

3.67 (1.00)

0.09

0.70

0.41

0.11

0.37

0.73

Decreased frequency of behavior like drinking or smoking

2.90 (1.33)

0.04

0.06

0.80

0.08

0.84

0.02

Better mood (like lower depression or anxiety symptoms)

3.62 (1.08)

0.65

0.15

0.33

0.68

0.35

0.09

Better sleep

3.84 (1.05)

0.65

0.36

0.12

0.70

0.14

0.29

Less fatigue

3.85 (1.06)

0.72

0.34

− 0.03

0.76

0.00

0.26

Better mental clarity and concentration

3.77 (1.08)

0.72

0.14

0.28

0.71

0.27

0.14

Increased ability to enjoy life

3.91 (1.04)

0.72

0.32

0.14

0.72

0.12

0.31

Better relationships, such as with friends or a romantic partner

3.59 (1.16)

0.61

− 0.01

0.57

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--

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Better overall well-being

3.91 (1.01)

0.71

0.33

0.13

0.71

0.12

0.31

Reducing or stopping a medication

3.54 (1.21)

0.25

0.15

0.64

0.24

0.65

0.18

Percent of common variance explained

29%

19%

14%

31%

13%

20%

Cumulative variance explained

63%

63%