Investigation of conceptual and item equivalence | Literature review Discussion with experts in the field and members of target population |
Original instrument translated | Translator I: Fluent in target language, good understanding of original language |
 | Translator II: Fluent in target language, good understanding of original language |
A synthesized translated version | Translator III: Fluent in target language, good understanding of original language |
Back-translations | Back-translator I: Fluent in original language, good understanding of target language |
 | Back-translator II: Fluent in original language, good understanding of target language |
A synthesized back-translated version | Back-translator III: Fluent in original language, good understanding of target language |
Expert committee | Â |
Instrument pretested | Â |
Revised instrument | Â |
Investigation of operational equivalence | Literature review Discussions with experts in the field and members of target population |
Main study | Â |
Exploratory and confirmatory analysis | Â |
Final instrument | Â |