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  1. Shannon’s index is one of the measures of biodiversity, which is intended to quantify both richness and evenness of the species/individuals in the ecosystem or community. However, application of Shannon’s inde...

    Authors: Vivek Verma, Ashwani Kumar Mishra, Anju Dhawan and Dilip C. Nath

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:291

    Content type: Research article

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  2. Bariatric surgery may lead to symptomatic postprandial hypoglycaemia as a major side effect without established therapy so far. We aimed to develop an evidence-based study design of a clinical trial that tests...

    Authors: Matthias Hepprich, Marc Y. Donath and Lars G. Hemkens

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:290

    Content type: Research article

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  3. A downwards secular trend in the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in England was identified through previous work and the literature. Risk prediction models for primary prevention of CVD do not model ...

    Authors: Alexander Pate, Tjeerd van Staa and Richard Emsley

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:289

    Content type: Research article

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  4. Statistical methods for the analysis of harm outcomes in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are rarely used, and there is a reliance on simple approaches to display information such as in frequency tables. We...

    Authors: Rachel Phillips, Odile Sauzet and Victoria Cornelius

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:288

    Content type: Research article

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  5. The quality of data obtained through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) is highly dependent on appropriate design and facilitation. In low-income settings steep power gradients between researcher and participants,...

    Authors: Pauline F. D. Scheelbeek, Yashua A. Hamza, Joanna Schellenberg and Zelee Hill

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:287

    Content type: Research article

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  6. Systematic reviews allow health decisions to be informed by the best available research evidence. However, their number is proliferating quickly, and many skills are required to identify all the relevant revie...

    Authors: Gabriel Rada, Daniel Pérez, Felipe Araya-Quintanilla, Camila Ávila, Gonzalo Bravo-Soto, Rocío Bravo-Jeria, Aldo Cánepa, Daniel Capurro, Victoria Castro-Gutiérrez, Valeria Contreras, Javiera Edwards, Jorge Faúndez, Damián Garrido, Magdalena Jiménez, Valentina Llovet, Diego Lobos…

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:286

    Content type: Database

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  7. This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail: https://​doi.​org/​10.​1186/​s12874-020-01166-w.

    Authors: Bjarne Schmalbach, Andreas Kalkbrenner, Markus Bassler, Andreas Hinz and Katja Petrowski

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:285

    Content type: Retraction Note

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    The original article was published in BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:87

  8. Assessing benefits and harms of health interventions is resource-intensive and often requires feasibility and pilot trials followed by adequately powered randomised clinical trials. Data from feasibility and p...

    Authors: Ravinder Claire, Christian Gluud, Ivan Berlin, Tim Coleman and Jo Leonardi-Bee

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:284

    Content type: Research article

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  9. People who inject drugs (PWID) have been identified as frequent users of emergency department (ED) and hospital inpatient services. The specific challenges of record linkage in cohorts with numerous administra...

    Authors: Rehana Di Rico, Dhanya Nambiar, Belinda Gabbe, Mark Stoové and Paul Dietze

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:283

    Content type: Research article

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  10. One of the Sustainable Development Goals is to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. In South Africa, the flagship National Department of Health MomConnect...

    Authors: Eveline M Kabongo, Ferdinand C. Mukumbang, Peter Delobelle and Edward Nicol

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:282

    Content type: Research article

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  11. There is little consensus on how to sample hospitalizations and analyze multiple variables to model readmission risk. The purpose of this study was to compare readmission rates and the accuracy of predictive m...

    Authors: Huaqing Zhao, Samuel Tanner, Sherita H. Golden, Susan G. Fisher and Daniel J. Rubin

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:281

    Content type: Research article

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  13. We consider the design of stepped wedge trials with continuous recruitment and continuous outcome measures. Suppose we recruit from a fixed number of clusters where eligible participants present continuously, ...

    Authors: Richard Hooper, Jessica Kasza and Andrew Forbes

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:279

    Content type: Research article

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  15. Predicting survival of recipients after liver transplantation is regarded as one of the most important challenges in contemporary medicine. Hence, improving on current prediction models is of great interest.No...

    Authors: Georgios Kantidakis, Hein Putter, Carlo Lancia, Jacob de Boer, Andries E. Braat and Marta Fiocco

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:277

    Content type: Research article

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  16. Growth Mixture Modeling (GMM) is commonly used to group individuals on their development over time, but convergence issues and impossible values are common. This can result in unreliable model estimates. Const...

    Authors: Jitske J. Sijbrandij, Tialda Hoekstra, Josué Almansa, Margot Peeters, Ute Bültmann and Sijmen A. Reijneveld

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:276

    Content type: Research article

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  17. The multiple-indicator, multiple-cause model (MIMIC) incorporates covariates of interest in the factor analysis. It is a special case of structural equation modeling (SEM), which is modeled under latent variab...

    Authors: Chi Chang, Joseph Gardiner, Richard Houang and Yan-Liang Yu

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:275

    Content type: Research article

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  18. In clinical trials with fixed study designs, statistical inference is only made when the trial is completed. In contrast, group sequential designs allow an early stopping of the trial at interim, either for ef...

    Authors: Xieran Li, Carolin Herrmann and Geraldine Rauch

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:274

    Content type: Research article

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    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:280

  19. While there is wide consensus that the public should be consulted about emerging technology early in development, it is difficult to elicit public opinion about innovations unfamiliar to lay audiences. We soug...

    Authors: Cynthia E. Schairer, Cynthia Triplett, Anna Buchman, Omar S. Akbari and Cinnamon S. Bloss

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:273

    Content type: Research article

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  20. Recruitment of research participants poses challenges in socioeconomically deprived areas. The Awareness and Beliefs About Cancer (ABACus) phase 3 Randomised Control Trial recruited adult participants from soc...

    Authors: Vasiliki Kolovou, Yvonne Moriarty, Stephanie Gilbert, Harriet Quinn-Scoggins, Julia Townson, Louise Padgett, Sioned Owen, Peter Buckle, Adrian Edwards, Julie Hepburn, Mandy Lau, Maura Matthews, Caroline Mitchell, Richard Neal, Rebecca Playle, Mike Robling…

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:272

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  21. To describe how using a combined approach of community-based participatory research and intervention mapping principles could inform the development of a tailored complex intervention to improve management of ...

    Authors: Monica Lakhanpaul, Lorraine Culley, Noelle Robertson, Emma C. Alexander, Deborah Bird, Nicky Hudson, Narynder Johal, Melanie McFeeters, Charlotte Hamlyn-Williams, Logan Manikam, Yebeen Ysabelle Boo, Maya Lakhanpaul and Mark R. D. Johnson

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:271

    Content type: Research article

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  22. Although recruitment is a major challenge for most randomized controlled trials, few report on the difficulties of recruitment, or how it might be enhanced. The objective of our study was to qualitatively expl...

    Authors: Jane M. Fletcher, Terry Saunders-Smith, Braden J. Manns, Ross Tsuyuki, Brenda R. Hemmelgarn, Marcello Tonelli and David J. T. Campbell

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:270

    Content type: Research article

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  23. Meta-analyses of studies evaluating survival (time-to-event) outcomes are a powerful technique to assess the strength of evidence for a given disease or treatment. However, these studies rely on the adequate r...

    Authors: Andrew F. Irvine, Sara Waise, Edward W. Green and Beth Stuart

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:269

    Content type: Technical advance

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  24. Methods for estimating relative survival are widely used in population-based cancer survival studies. These methods are based on splitting the observed (the overall) mortality into excess mortality (due to can...

    Authors: Robert Darlin Mba, Juste Aristide Goungounga, Nathalie Grafféo and Roch Giorgi

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:268

    Content type: Technical advance

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  25. Aboriginal people are under-reported on administrative health data in Australia. Various approaches have been used or proposed to improve reporting of Aboriginal people using linked records. This cross-section...

    Authors: Michael A. Nelson, Kim Lim, Jason Boyd, Damien Cordery, Allan Went, David Meharg, Lisa Jackson-Pulver, Scott Winch and Lee K. Taylor

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:267

    Content type: Research article

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  26. Network meta-analysis (NMA) simultaneously synthesises direct and indirect evidence on the relative efficacy and safety of at least three treatments. A decision maker may use the coherent results of an NMA to ...

    Authors: Caitlin H. Daly, Lawrence Mbuagbaw, Lehana Thabane, Sharon E. Straus and Jemila S. Hamid

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:266

    Content type: Technical advance

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  27. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

    Authors: Thomas Perneger, Antoine Kevorkian, Thierry Grenet, Hubert Gallée and Angèle Gayet-Ageron

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:265

    Content type: Correction

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    The original article was published in BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:248

  28. Recent evidence suggests that there is often substantial variation in the benefits and harms across a trial population. We aimed to identify regression modeling approaches that assess heterogeneity of treatmen...

    Authors: Alexandros Rekkas, Jessica K. Paulus, Gowri Raman, John B. Wong, Ewout W. Steyerberg, Peter R. Rijnbeek, David M. Kent and David van Klaveren

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:264

    Content type: Research article

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  29. For outcomes that studies report as the means in the treatment and control groups, some medical applications and nearly half of meta-analyses in ecology express the effect as the ratio of means (RoM), also cal...

    Authors: Ilyas Bakbergenuly, David C. Hoaglin and Elena Kulinskaya

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:263

    Content type: Research article

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  30. Interest in models for calculating the risk of death in traumatic patients admitted to ICUs remains high. These models use variables derived from the deviation of physiological parameters and/or the severity o...

    Authors: Luis Serviá, Neus Montserrat, Mariona Badia, Juan Antonio Llompart-Pou, Jesús Abelardo Barea-Mendoza, Mario Chico-Fernández, Marcelino Sánchez-Casado, José Manuel Jiménez, Dolores María Mayor and Javier Trujillano

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:262

    Content type: Research article

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  31. Network meta-analysis (NMA) provides a powerful tool for the simultaneous evaluation of multiple treatments by combining evidence from different studies, allowing for direct and indirect comparisons between tr...

    Authors: Andreas Heinecke, Marta Tallarita and Maria De Iorio

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:261

    Content type: Research article

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  32. A competing interest is an important source of bias in research and disclosure is frequently employed as a strategy to manage it. Considering the importance of systematic reviews (SRs) and the varying prevalen...

    Authors: Jiajie Yu, Guanyue Su, Allison Hirst, Zhengyue Yang, You Zhang and Youping Li

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:260

    Content type: Research article

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  33. Data extraction forms link systematic reviews with primary research and provide the foundation for appraising, analysing, summarising and interpreting a body of evidence. This makes their development, pilot te...

    Authors: Roland Brian Büchter, Alina Weise and Dawid Pieper

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:259

    Content type: Research article

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  34. Unstructured data from clinical epidemiological studies can be valuable and easy to obtain. However, it requires further extraction and processing for data analysis. Doing this manually is labor-intensive, slo...

    Authors: Robert Chen, Joyce C. Ho and Jin-Mann S. Lin

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:258

    Content type: Research article

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  35. Projection of future cancer incidence is an important task in cancer epidemiology. The results are of interest also for biomedical research and public health policy. Age-Period-Cohort (APC) models, usually bas...

    Authors: Maximilian Knoll, Jennifer Furkel, Jürgen Debus, Amir Abdollahi, André Karch and Christian Stock

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:257

    Content type: Research article

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  36. Systematic reviews often require substantial resources, partially due to the large number of records identified during searching. Although artificial intelligence may not be ready to fully replace human review...

    Authors: C. Hamel, S. E. Kelly, K. Thavorn, D. B. Rice, G. A. Wells and B. Hutton

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:256

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  37. Dietary patterns were associated with the risk of chronic disease development and outcome-related diseases. In this study, we aimed to compare the correlation between dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome (M...

    Authors: Adi Lukas Kurniawan, Chien-Yeh Hsu, Hsiu-An Lee, Hsiao-Hsien Rau, Rathi Paramastri, Ahmad Syauqy and Jane C.-J. Chao

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:255

    Content type: Research article

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  38. There is a call for valid and reliable instruments to evaluate implementation of evidence-based practices (EBP). The 15-item Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS) measures attitude toward EBP, incorpo...

    Authors: Anna Helena Elisabeth Santesson, Martin Bäckström, Robert Holmberg, Sean Perrin and Håkan Jarbin

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:254

    Content type: Research article

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  39. Go/no-go decisions after phase II and sample size chosen for phase III are usually based on phase II results (e.g., the treatment effect estimate of phase II). Due to the decision rule (only promising phase II...

    Authors: Stella Erdmann, Marietta Kirchner, Heiko Götte and Meinhard Kieser

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:253

    Content type: Research article

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  40. Web-surveys are increasingly used in population studies. Yet, web-surveys targeting older individuals are still uncommon for various reasons. However, with younger cohorts approaching older age, the potentials...

    Authors: Susanne Kelfve, Marie Kivi, Boo Johansson and Magnus Lindwall

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:252

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  41. In health research, population estimates are generally obtained from probability-based surveys. In market research surveys are frequently conducted from volunteer web panels. Propensity score adjustment (PSA) ...

    Authors: Andrew Copas, Sarah Burkill, Fred Conrad, Mick P. Couper and Bob Erens

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:251

    Content type: Research article

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  42. Dropout is a common problem in longitudinal clinical trials and cohort studies, and is of particular concern when dropout occurs for reasons that may be related to the outcome of interest. This paper reviews c...

    Authors: Camille M. Moore, Samantha MaWhinney, Nichole E. Carlson and Sarah Kreidler

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:250

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  43. Men, particularly those living in disadvantaged areas, are less likely to participate in weight management programmes than women despite similar levels of excess weight. Little is known about how best to recru...

    Authors: Matthew D. McDonald, Stephan U. Dombrowski, Rebecca Skinner, Eileen Calveley, Paula Carroll, Andrew Elders, Cindy M. Gray, Mark Grindle, Fiona M. Harris, Claire Jones and Pat Hoddinott

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:249

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  44. Classic epidemic curves – counts of daily events or cumulative events over time –emphasise temporal changes in the growth or size of epidemic outbreaks. Like any graph, these curves have limitations: they are ...

    Authors: Thomas Perneger, Antoine Kevorkian, Thierry Grenet, Hubert Gallée and Angèle Gayet-Ageron

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:248

    Content type: Technical advance

    Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:265

  45. Acute Care Surgery (ACS) was developed as a structured, team-based approach to providing round-the-clock emergency general surgery (EGS) care for adult patients needing treatment for diseases such as cholecyst...

    Authors: Heena P. Santry, Scott A. Strassels, Angela M. Ingraham, Wendelyn M. Oslock, Kevin B. Ricci, Anghela Z. Paredes, Victor K. Heh, Holly E. Baselice, Amy P. Rushing, Adrian Diaz, Vijaya T. Daniel, M. Didem Ayturk and Catarina I. Kiefe

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:247

    Content type: Research article

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  46. The German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) initiated large research programs to foster high quality clinical research in the academic area. These investigato...

    Authors: E. Nury, K. Bischoff, K. Wollmann, K. Nitschke, S. Lohner, M. Schumacher, G. Rücker and A. Blümle

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:246

    Content type: Research article

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  47. Guidelines on public health and health system interventions often involve considerations beyond effectiveness and safety to account for the impact that these interventions have on the wider systems in which th...

    Authors: A. Movsisyan, E. Rehfuess and S. L. Norris

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:245

    Content type: Review

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  48. Researchers often misinterpret and misrepresent statistical outputs. This abuse has led to a large literature on modification or replacement of testing thresholds and P-values with confidence intervals, Bayes fac...

    Authors: Zad Rafi and Sander Greenland

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:244

    Content type: Technical advance

    Published on:

  49. The early warning model of infectious diseases plays a key role in prevention and control. This study aims to using seasonal autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average (SARFIMA) model to predict the...

    Authors: Chang Qi, Dandan Zhang, Yuchen Zhu, Lili Liu, Chunyu Li, Zhiqiang Wang and Xiujun Li

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:243

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  50. Bias in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) can lead to underestimation or overestimation of the true effects of interventions. Surgical RCTs may suffer from the risk of bias (RoB) that is avoidable in trials ...

    Authors: Ognjen Barcot, Matija Boric, Svjetlana Dosenovic, Marija Cavar, Antonia Jelicic Kadic, Tina Poklepovic Pericic, Ivana Vukicevic, Ivana Vuka and Livia Puljak

    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2020 20:240

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

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