Table 1 Reassessment of the “three solutions” and associated ethical principles in the old and new models of clinical research and medical care
From: Clinical research and medical care: towards effective and complete integration
“Traditional Model”: separation between clinical research and medical care | “New model”: integration of clinical research and medical care |
|---|---|
• Researcher-oriented informed consent and high level of oversight (paternalistic beneficence) | • Patient-oriented informed consent (autonomy) and risk-based ethical oversight (no maleficence) |
• Clinical equipoise (physician authority) | • Clinical equipoise + Patient equipoise (autonomy) |
• Therapeutic orientation (beneficence) | • Altruism-based research (autonomy) |