Variable | N | No | Mean or percent | SD | SE | ICC | 95% confidence interval |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic, social and economic characteristics | |||||||
Sex (% male) | 8808 | 119.7 | 48.4 | Â | 1.3 | 0.038 | 0.021, 0.056 |
Age (years) | 8286 | 117.3 | 63.1 | 13.9 | 0.5 | 0.077 | 0.045, 0.109 |
Married (%) | 1004 | 14.5 | 62.5 | Â | 1.6 | 0.009 | 0, 0.036 |
High School Graduate (%) | 999 | 14.4 | 75.4 | Â | 1.6 | 0.011 | 0, 0.038 |
Income <$30,000 per year (%) | 931 | 13.4 | 59.0 | Â | 2.1 | 0.042 | 0.003, 0.081 |
Private insurance (%) | 1001 | 14.4 | 58.4 | Â | 2.0 | 0.050 | 0.011, 0.090 |
Medicare (%) | 997 | 14.4 | 59.9 | Â | 1.7 | 0.018 | 0, 0.047 |
Medicaid (%) | 995 | 14.3 | 21.4 | Â | 1.8 | 0.036 | 0, 0.071 |
Military or veterans' insurance (%) | 994 | 14.3 | 5.2 | Â | 0.8 | 0.029 | 0, 0.062 |
No insurance (%) | 993 | 14.3 | 2.4 | Â | 0.6 | 0.035 | 0, 0.070 |
Travel distance from home to Primary Care provider (km) | 2955 | 76.5 | 13.7 | 15.3 | 1.8 | 0.196 | 0.102, 0.289 |
Non-Hispanic white (%) | 1004 | 14.5 | 97.3 | Â | 0.5 | 0.003 | 0, 0.028 |
Physical characteristics | |||||||
Heart Rate (beats per min) | 998 | 14.4 | 75.0 | 13.0 | 0.5 | 0.015 | 0, 0.043 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 999 | 14.4 | 140.3 | 19.6 | 0.8 | 0.042 | 0.005, 0.079 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 999 | 14.4 | 78.3 | 10.5 | 0.4 | 0.017 | 0, 0.047 |
Blood pressure below 130/80 mmHg (%) | 999 | 14.4 | 25.0 | Â | 1.6 | 0.028 | 0, 0.061 |
Blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg (%) | 999 | 14.4 | 49.2 | Â | 2.3 | 0.069 | 0.024, 0.114 |
Height (cm) | 998 | 14.4 | 165.2 | 10.4 | 0.4 | 0.019 | 0, 0.048 |
Weight (kg) | 997 | 14.4 | 203.0 | 47.7 | 1.6 | 0.011 | 0, 0.038 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 994 | 14.3 | 33.8 | 7.4 | 0.2 | 0.011 | 0, 0.039 |
Body Mass Index >30 kg/m2 (%) | 994 | 14.3 | 67.2 | Â | 1.6 | 0.010 | 0, 0.038 |
Laboratory results | |||||||
Mean glycosolated hemoglobin (A1C) (%) | 8711 | 118.4 | 7.01 | 1.45 | 0.05 | 0.055 | 0.032, 0.079 |
A1C >8.0% (%) | 8711 | 118.4 | 18.1 | Â | 1.0 | 0.025 | 0.013, 0.037 |
A1C <7.0 (%) | 8711 | 118.4 | 61.7 | Â | 1.6 | 0.046 | 0.026, 0.066 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 8167 | 112.5 | 184.4 | 41.8 | 1.2 | 0.037 | 0.020, 0.054 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 7834 | 111.0 | 105.8 | 34.2 | 1.0 | 0.045 | 0.025, 0.065 |
LDL <100 mg/dl (%) * | 7873 | 111.6 | 43.8 | Â | 1.4 | 0.029 | 0.020, 0.055 |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 7969 | 109.8 | 190.5 | 161.3 | 3.3 | 0.014 | 0.006, 0.022 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 8474 | 115.1 | 1.12 | 0.70 | 0.02 | 0.080 | 0.048, 0.112 |
Urine microalbumin to creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) | 3039 | 46.7 | 47.0 | 260.7 | 10.0 | 0.101 | 0.051, 0.152 |
Urine microalbumin to creatinine ratio <30 mg/mmol (%) | 3338 | 49.0 | 67.3 | Â | 1.5 | 0.031 | 0.011, 0.051 |
Quality of care (Process Measures) | |||||||
Creatinine on time (%) | 8808 | 119.7 | 79.4 | Â | 3.1 | 0.288 | 0.203, 0.373 |
Urine microalbumin to creatinine ratio on time (%) | 8808 | 119.7 | 24.6 | Â | 2.3 | 0.162 | 0.105, 0.219 |
A1C on time (%) | 8808 | 119.7 | 50.7 | Â | 2.4 | 0.118 | 0.074, 0.162 |
Lipids on time (%) | 8808 | 119.7 | 70.3 | Â | 3.0 | 0.199 | 0.132, 0.265 |
A1C on time & <7% (%) | 7308 | 113.2 | 35.5 | Â | 1.5 | 0.040 | 0.021, 0.060 |
LDL on time & <100 mg/dl (%) | 7308 | 113.2 | 31.3 | Â | 1.4 | 0.040 | 0.021, 0.059 |
Influenza vaccine given (%) | 995 | 14.3 | 80.5 | Â | 1.4 | 0.058 | 0.016, 0.100 |
Pneumonia vaccine given (%) | 913 | 13.2 | 70.6 | Â | 1.8 | 0.058 | 0.014, 0.102 |
Health habits | |||||||
Alcoholic drinks per week | 988 | 14.2 | 1.6 | 4.5 | 0.2 | 0.027 | 0, 0.060 |
CAGE score (0–4) | 946 | 13.6 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.009 | 0, 0.038 |
Tobacco smoker (%) | 1006 | 14.5 | 16.9 | Â | 1.2 | 0.005 | 0, 0.030 |
Cigarettes per day | 159 | 2.6 | 17.2 | 11.2 | 1.0 | 0.086 | 0, 0.270 |
Summary of Diabetes Self Care Activities Measure | |||||||
General diet score | 953 | 13.7 | 58.4 | 33.3 | 1.2 | 0.017 | 0, 0.048 |
Specific diet score | 980 | 14.1 | 52.2 | 23.9 | 0.8 | 0.011 | 0, 0.038 |
Exercise score | 992 | 14.3 | 34.6 | 32.7 | 1.2 | 0.029 | 0, 0.062 |
Blood glucose self-monitoring score | 933 | 13.5 | 57.9 | 38.9 | 1.5 | 0.051 | 0.010, 0.093 |
Foot care score | 990 | 14.3 | 44.2 | 35.5 | 1.2 | 0.002 | 0, 0.026 |
Literacy: Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults | |||||||
Test score (0–36 points) | 1002 | 14.4 | 29.7 | 9.6 | 0.3 | 0.017 | 0, 0.079 |
Inadequate (0–16) (%) | 1002 | 14.4 | 10.5 |  | 1.0 | 0.011 | 0, 0.039 |
Adequate (23–36) (%) | 1002 | 14.4 | 82.9 |  | 1.5 | 0.037 | 0.002, 0.073 |
Comorbidity | |||||||
Congestive heart failure (%) | 1006 | 14.5 | 17.1 | Â | 1.4 | 0.025 | 0, 0.057 |
Coronary artery disease (%) | 1006 | 14.5 | 19.3 | Â | 1.4 | 0.024 | 0, 0.056 |
Peripheral vascular disease (%) | 1006 | 14.5 | 8.7 | Â | 1.0 | 0.006 | 0, 0.032 |
Stroke (%) | 1006 | 14.5 | 11.7 | Â | 1.1 | 0.006 | 0, 0.032 |
Dementia (%) †| 1006 | 14.5 | 0.9 |  | 0.3 | 0 § | 0, 0.024 |
Asthma (%) | 1006 | 14.5 | 20.2 | Â | 1.4 | 0.014 | 0, 0.043 |
Arthritis (%) | 1006 | 14.5 | 14.1 | Â | 1.1 | <0.001 | 0, 0.024 |
Peptic ulcer disease (%) | 1006 | 14.5 | 14.3 | Â | 1.2 | 0.012 | 0, 0.040 |
Cirrhosis (%) | 1006 | 14.5 | 1.9 |  | 0.3 | 0 § | 0, 0.024 |
Paralysis (%) | 1006 | 14.5 | 3.0 | Â | 0.6 | 0.006 | 0, 0.032 |
Renal disease (%) | 1006 | 14.5 | 5.0 |  | 0.6 | 0 § | 0, 0.024 |
Microvascular complications of diabetes (%) | 1006 | 14.5 | 16.9 | Â | 1.2 | 0.012 | 0, 0.040 |
Cancer (%) | 1006 | 14.5 | 11.9 |  | 1.0 | 0 § | 0, 0.024 |
Leukemia (%) †| 1006 | 14.5 | 0.6 |  | 0.2 | 0 § | 0, 0.024 |
Lymphoma (%) †| 1006 | 14.5 | 0.5 |  | 0.3 | 0.018 | 0, 0.048 |
Metastatic cancer (%) †| 1006 | 14.5 | 0.7 |  | 0.3 | 0 § | 0, 0.024 |
HIV disease (%) †| 1006 | 14.5 | 0.1 |  | 0.1 | 0 § | 0, 0.024 |
Depression (%) | 1006 | 14.5 | 35.0 | Â | 1.7 | 0.007 | 0, 0.033 |
Comorbid condition count | 1006 | 14.5 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.031 | 0, 0.065 |
Self-reported comorbidity questionnaire score (0–54) | 1006 | 14.5 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 0.2 | 0.032 | 0, 0.066 |
Cardiovascular disease (%) | 1006 | 14.5 | 30.9 | Â | 1.6 | 0.018 | 0, 0.048 |
Functional status | |||||||
SF-12 Physical Component Summary score (0–100) | 986 | 14.2 | 41.2 | 12.4 | 0.5 | 0.028 | 0, 0.062 |
SF-12 Mental Component Summary score (0–100) | 986 | 14.2 | 50.0 | 10.7 | 0.4 | 0.032 | 0, 0.061 |
Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression score (0–27) | 591 | 11.7 | 4.1 | 5.0 | 0.2 | 0.006 | 0, 0.044 |
Complications of diabetes | |||||||
Foot ulcer (%) | 992 | 14.3 | 11.3 | Â | 1.0 | 0.009 | 0, 0.036 |
Vision problems (%) | 950 | 13.7 | 20.1 |  | 1.3 | 0 § | 0, 0.025 |
Foot or leg pain (%) | 943 | 13.6 | 30.9 | Â | 1.8 | 0.023 | 0, 0.055 |
Stomach emptying problems (%) | 901 | 13.0 | 6.2 | Â | 0.8 | 0.003 | 0, 0.030 |
Sexual problems (%) | 923 | 13.3 | 26.4 |  | 1.4 | 0 § | 0, 0.026 |
Kidney problems (%) | 490 | 10.3 | 9.2 | Â | 1.4 | 0.040 | 0, 0.096 |
Medications | |||||||
Insulin (%) | 1006 | 14.5 | 18.6 | Â | 1.4 | 0.014 | 0, 0.042 |
Oral hypoglycemic agent (%) | 1006 | 14.5 | 66.6 | Â | 1.7 | 0.022 | 0, 0.053 |
Total medication count (0–29) | 1006 | 14.5 | 8.8 | 4.5 | 0.2 | 0.028 | 0, 0.061 |
Prescription medication count (0–24) | 1006 | 14.5 | 6.7 | 3.8 | 0.2 | 0.055 | 0.014, 0.095 |
Non-prescription medication count (0–15) | 1006 | 14.5 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 0.059 | 0.017, 0.101 |
Audit of Diabetes-Dependant Quality of Life | |||||||
Do physically | 985 | 14.2 | -1.9 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 0.001 | 0, 0.025 |
Confidence in ability | 982 | 14.2 | -2.0 | 2.7 | 0.1 | 0.004 | 0, 0.030 |
Motivation | 981 | 14.2 | -1.9 | 2.7 | 0.1 | 0 § | 0, 0.025 |
Freedom to eat | 985 | 14.2 | -2.8 | 2.9 | 0.1 | <0.001 | 0, 0.025 |
Enjoyment of food | 986 | 14.2 | -2.5 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 0 § | 0, 0.025 |
Future | 984 | 14.2 | -0.6 | 3.8 | 0.1 | 0 § | 0, 0.025 |
Freedom to drink | 983 | 14.2 | -1.5 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 0 § | 0, 0.025 |
Dependence | 982 | 14.2 | -0.6 | 2.8 | 0.1 | 0.004 | 0, 0.029 |
Working life | 981 | 14.2 | -1.5 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.014 | 0, 0.042 |
Family life | 985 | 14.2 | -0.6 | 2.7 | 0.1 | 0.035 | 0, 0.070 |
Social life | 983 | 14.2 | -0.9 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 0 § | 0, 0.025 |
Sex life | 978 | 14.1 | -1.0 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 0.020 | 0, 0.051 |
Physical appearance | 980 | 14.1 | -1.1 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.012 | 0, 0.041 |
Holidays/Leisure | 983 | 14.2 | -1.5 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 0 § | 0, 0.025 |
Travel | 981 | 14.1 | -1.6 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 0.022 | 0, 0.054 |
Society reaction | 977 | 14.1 | -0.5 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.026 | 0, 0.058 |
Finances | 978 | 14.1 | -1.7 | 2.7 | 0.1 | 0.009 | 0, 0.037 |
Average weighted impact | 990 | 14.3 | -1.5 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 0.004 | 0, 0.029 |
Resource utilization | |||||||
Endocrinologist in last year (%) | 971 | 14.0 | 15.9 | Â | 2.0 | 0.089 | 0.037, 0.140 |
Dietician in last year (%) | 984 | 14.2 | 34.3 | Â | 1.8 | 0.018 | 0, 0.048 |
Podiatrist in last year (%) | 984 | 14.2 | 23.8 | Â | 1.6 | 0.022 | 0, 0.054 |
Diabetes Educator in last year (%) | 970 | 14.0 | 23.8 | Â | 1.8 | 0.041 | 0.004, 0.078 |
Ophthalmologist in last year (%) | 944 | 13.6 | 60.4 | Â | 2.1 | 0.041 | 0.003, 0.079 |
Diabetes class in last year (%) | 999 | 14.4 | 35.0 | Â | 1.9 | 0.035 | 0.002, 0.073 |
Emergency Room visits in last year (mean) | 994 | 14.3 | 0.64 | 1.46 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0, 0.044 |
Health professional visits in last month (mean) | 991 | 14.3 | 1.63 | 2.39 | 0.08 | 0.035 | 0, 0.070 |