Table 1 Sources of Health Risk Appraisal for the Elderly (HRA-E) and Health Risk Appraisal for Older Persons (HRA-O) questionnaire
From: Development, feasibility and performance of a health risk appraisal questionnaire for older persons
Domain | Definition of problem risk | Description of questions (questionnaire item source) |
|---|---|---|
Accident prevention | Driving without using seat belt | Use of seatbelt [26] |
Alcohol use | Possible hazardous alcohol use (based on age- and gender-specific limits of quantity and frequency of self-reported alcohol use) | The WHO Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test [15] |
Falls | History of repeated falls in previous 12 months | Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group Survey [20] |
| Â | Self-reported limitation of activities due to fear of falling | Fear of falling [32] |
Functional status | Difficulty/need for human assistance in ≥1 BADL item | Basic activities of daily living (BADL) [19] |
|  | Difficulty/need for human assistance in ≥2 IADL items | Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) [22] |
| Â | Changed kind of activity | Preclinical mobility disability [13]* |
| Â | Decreased frequency of activity | Â |
Health status | Moderate or fair self-perceived health status | Self-perceived health status [18] |
Hearing | Impaired hearing | Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly [23] |
| Â | No hearing check-up in previous year | History of hearing examination [33] |
Incontinence | Urinary incontinence on > 5 days during the last year | Urinary incontinence (Medical, Epidemiological and Social Aspects of Aging Project Questionnaire) [17] |
Medication use | Use of ≥4 medications | Use of medications [2] |
| Â | Use of long-acting benzodiazepine or amitriptyline | Inappropriate medication use [14] * |
| Â | Medication side effect | Medication side effects [35] |
| Â | Difficulties with medication compliance | Medication compliance [2] |
Medical History | Presence of chronic condition(s) | Chronic conditions [18] |
Memory | Memory problems | Memory Self Report [28] |
Mood | Depressive mood | 5-item Mental Health Inventory Screening Test [29] |
Nutrition | Consumption of >2 high fat food items per day | Cholesterol Reduction in Seniors Program Fat Food Screening |
| Â | Â | Questionnaire [31] |
| Â | Consumption of < 5 fruit/fibre items per day | Cholesterol Reduction in Seniors Program Plant Food Screening |
| Â | Â | Questionnaire [31]* |
| Â | Motivation for change in fat intake/fruit intake | Transtheoretical model of behaviour change [2, 21,27] |
|  | Body mass index <20 or ≥27; loss of weight | Self-reported height and weight (body mass index), weight change |
Oral Health* | Oral health problem | Geriatric oral health assessment index [11]* |
| Â | No dental check in previous year | History of dental care [33] |
Pain* | Presence of moderate to severe pain | Geriatric Pain Measure [12]* |
Physical activity | Less than 5 times/week moderate or strenuous activity | Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly [34] |
| Â | Motivation for behaviour change | Transtheoretical model of behaviour change [2,21,27] |
Preventative care | No blood pressure control in previous year | History of blood pressure measurement [33] |
| Â | Elevated self-reported blood pressure | Self-reported blood pressure |
| Â | No mammography in previous 2 years | History of breast cancer screening [33] |
| Â | No cervical smear in previous 3 years | History of cervical smear [33] |
| Â | No cholesterol measurement in previous 5 years | History of cholesterol measurement [33] |
| Â | Elevated self-reported cholesterol | Self-reported cholesterol level |
| Â | No faecal occult blood test in previous year | History of colon cancer screening [33] |
| Â | No blood glucose measurement in previous 3 years | History of diabetes screening [33] |
| Â | No influenza vaccination in previous year | History of influenza immunisation [33] |
| Â | No pneumococcal vaccination (ever) | History of pneumococcal immunisation [33] |
Social factors | Low level of emotional support | Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey [29] |
| Â | High risk of social isolation | Lubben Social Network Scale [24] |
| Â | Marginal family ties | Subscale Lubben Social Network Scale [24] |
| Â | Marginal friendship ties | Lubben Social Network Scale [24] |
| Â | No participation in groups | Single-item question [16] |
Tobacco use | Current tobacco use | Tobacco use (Partners in Prevention Tobacco Use Questionnaire) [2] |
| Â | Motivation for behaviour change | Transtheoretical model of behaviour change [2,21,27] |
Vision | Problem in ≥ 1 vision sub-domain | Visual Functioning Questionnaire [25]* |
| Â | No vision check-up in previous year | History of vision examination [33] |