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Table 4 Simulation Results (Normal Distribution, Equal Experimental and Control Groups, Standard Deviation 10% of Control Mean Value).

From: The ratio of means method as an alternative to mean differences for analyzing continuous outcome variables in meta-analysis: A simulation study

   

% Bias

% Coverage

% Statistical Power

I 2(%)

   

τ = 0s

τ = 0.5s

τ = 0s

τ = 0.5s

τ = 0s

τ 0.5s

τ 0.5s

Δ

n (exp/contr)

k

MD

SMD

RoM

MD

SMD

RoM

MD

SMD

RoM

MD

SMD

RoM

MD

SMD

RoM

MD

SMD

RoM

MD

SMD

RoM

SMD = 0.2

10/10

5

0

-4

0

0

-5

0

95

97

95

90

92

90

15

11

15

15

13

15

59

48

59

  

10

0

-5

0

1

-5

0

95

97

95

92

93

92

27

22

27

19

18

19

60

48

60

  

30

0

-5

0

1

-6

0

94

96

94

94

94

94

66

61

66

39

38

39

60

48

60

MD = 2

100/100

5

0

0

0

0

0

0

96

97

96

88

88

88

82

82

82

21

21

21

93

92

93

RoM = 1.02

 

10

0

0

0

0

0

0

96

96

96

92

92

92

99

99

99

27

27

27

93

92

93

  

30

0

0

0

0

0

0

96

96

96

94

94

94

100

100

100

56

58

57

93

92

93

SMD = 0.5

10/10

5

0

-4

0

0

-5

0

95

97

95

90

92

90

64

57

63

43

40

43

59

48

59

  

10

0

-5

0

0

-5

0

95

97

95

92

93

92

91

89

91

66

64

66

60

48

60

  

30

0

-5

0

0

-6

0

94

96

94

94

93

94

100

100

100

98

97

98

60

47

60

MD = 5

100/100

5

0

0

0

0

0

0

96

97

96

88

88

88

100

100

100

61

61

61

93

92

93

RoM = 1.05

 

10

0

0

0

0

0

0

96

96

96

92

92

91

100

100

100

85

86

85

93

92

93

  

30

0

0

0

0

-1

0

96

96

96

94

94

94

100

100

100

100

100

100

93

92

93

SMD = 0.8

10/10

5

0

-4

0

0

-5

0

95

97

95

90

92

90

95

94

95

75

72

74

59

47

59

  

10

0

-5

0

0

-5

0

95

96

95

92

92

92

100

100

100

95

95

95

60

47

60

  

30

0

-5

0

0

-6

0

94

94

94

94

92

94

100

100

100

100

100

100

60

46

60

MD = 8

100/100

5

0

0

0

0

0

0

96

96

96

88

88

88

100

100

100

91

91

91

93

92

93

RoM = 1.08

 

10

0

0

0

0

0

0

96

96

96

92

92

92

100

100

100

100

100

100

93

91

93

  

30

0

0

0

0

-1

0

96

96

96

94

94

94

100

100

100

100

100

100

93

91

93

  1. Results of 10,000 simulations per scenario with a standard deviation equal to 10% of the control mean, for each combination of effect size (0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 standard deviation units), number of patients (10/10 and 100/100 experimental/control patients per trial), and number of trials (5, 10, and 30). The "% Bias" columns show the bias of each effect measure (MD, SMD, RoM) expressed as percentages of the expected values (negative sign denotes less than expected value), with and without heterogeneity. The "% coverage" columns show the percentage of cases that the true value falls within the 95% confidence interval of the simulated result, with and without heterogeneity. The "% statistical power" columns show the percentage of cases that the 95% confidence interval of the simulated result yields a significant treatment effect (i.e. excluding zero for MD and SMD, and one for RoM), with and without heterogeneity. The I 2 column shows the degree of heterogeneity only for the scenarios in which heterogeneity was introduced. (For all the scenarios without heterogeneity, the ratio of Q/(k-1) was close to unity as expected, corresponding to I 2 = 0 [data not shown].)
  2. Abbreviations for Table and Legend: contr – control, exp – experimental, I 2I 2 heterogeneity measure, k – number of trials in each meta-analysis, n – number of experimental or number of control patients per trial, Q – Cochran's Q statistic for heterogeneity, MD – mean difference, RoM – ratio of means, s – standard deviation units, SMD – standardized mean difference.