Table 2 Reported Patients, Interventions, Comparisons and Outcomes in the included studies
Category | First author | Year | Patients | Tested intervention | Comparison | Outcome(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drug study with measurement properties | Cusick [29] | 2006 | Children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy | Botox-A injections + usual care and occupational therapy | Usual care and occupational therapy | COPMa, GAS |
Drug study with measurement properties | De Beurs [20] | 1993 | Patients meeting the DSM-III-R criteria for panic disorder with moderate or severe agoraphobia | Fluvoxamine & exposure in vivo, panic management & exposure in vivo, exposure in vivo only | Placebo with exposure in vivo | GAS, Self-report questionnaires, behavioral avoidance, therapist rating |
Drug study with measurement properties | Rockwood [27] | 1996 | Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease of mild to moderate severity | Linopirdine | placebo | MMSEb, ADAS-cogc, PSMSd, IADLe, CGIf, GAS |
Drug study with measurement properties | Rockwood [50] | 2002 | Patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s Disease | Donepezil hydrochloride 5 mg 1 daily | None | GAS, Cognition (MMSE, ADAS-cog), physical function (PSMS, IADL, FAQg), depression (CDSh, CES-Di), CIBIC-plusj |
Drug study with measurement properties | Steenbeek [38] | 2005 | Children with cerebral palsy | BTX-A treatment of the lower extremity | None | Six-point goal attainment scaling, MASk |
Drug study without measurement properties | Ashford [51] | 2009 | Proximal upper limb spasticity patients | BoNT-A as part of a shoulder and upper limb management and rehabilitation program which was individually tailored to the patient | None | GAS, MAS (composite spasticity score), passive function, shoulder pain |
Drug study without measurement properties | Barden [52] | 2014-a | Participants with spasticity following acquired brain injury | Botulinum toxin A injections | None | Dynamic Computerized Dynamometry, MAS, Tardieu Scale, Action Research Arm Test, GAS, patient disability and carer burden scales |
Drug study without measurement properties | Barden [53] | 2014-b | Convenience sample of adults with upper limb spasticity after acquired brain injury with a mean age of 51 | BTX-A injections | None | DCD pinchl, MAS, Tardieu scale, ARATm, MHOQn, GAS |
Drug study without measurement properties | Bonouvrié [54] | 2013 | Dystonic cerebral palsy patients aged 4–25 years | Continuous intrathecal baclofen for 3 months | Placebo | GAS, measurements of body functions (dystonia, spasticity, pain, comfort, sleep-related breathing disorders) |
Drug study without measurement properties | Borg [55] | 2011 | Adults with a stroke that occurred >3 months before the study | Botulinum toxin A + standard care | Placebo + standard care | GAS, changes from baseline in level of goal achievement, health related Quality of Life, resource utilization |
Drug study without measurement properties | Demetrios [56] | 2014 | Adults with post-stroke spasticity | High intensity ambulatory rehabilitation and Botox | Usual care and Botox | GAS, MASo, participant satisfaction, activity/participation measures and caregiver burden |
Drug study without measurement properties | Ferrari [57] | 2014 | Children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy | BoNT-A injections | Placebo-injections | Body functions and structure, activity and daily life, AHAp, MAS, PEDIq, GAS |
Drug study without measurement properties | Fietzek [58] | 2009 | Patients with Parkinson camptocormia | Botulinum toxin injections | None | GAS |
Drug study without measurement properties | Lam [59] | 2012 | Patients with severe upper limb spasticity | Intramuscular botulinum toxin A | Saline (placebo) | Carer burden scale, GAS, Ashworth scale, passive range of movement for shoulder abduction, elbow and finger extension, Pain assessment in advanced dementia scale |
Drug study without measurement properties | Lam [60] | 2015 | Long-term care patients with bilateral severe chronic hip adductor spasticity | Ultrasound and electrical stimulation guided obturator nerve block using 5Â % phenol | Ultrasound and electrical stimulation guided obturator nerve block using saline | MAS, GAS, hygiene score, distances between the knees, passive range of motion, pain (Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale), incidence of bone fracture or infections |
Drug study without measurement properties | Leroi [61] | 2014 | Patients with dementia in Parkinson’s disease | 20 mg of memantine | Placebo | GAS, Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-8, Zarit Burden Inventory |
Drug study without measurement properties | Löwe [62] | 2006 | Children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy, aged 2–8 | Occupational therapy & BTX-A injections | Occupational therapy | QUESTr, average treatment effect, COPMs, GAS, PEDIt, Ashworth scale |
Drug study without measurement properties | Löwe [63] | 2007 | Children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy | 3 BTX-A injections (0, 6 and 18 months) | 2 BTX-A injections (6 and 18 months) | QUEST, GAS-parents, GAS-therapist, COPM, Pediatric Evaluation of Disability, Inventory of functional skills, Ashworth scale |
Drug study without measurement properties | Mall [64] | 2006 | Children with CP and adductor spasticity | BTX-A injections | Placebo | Knee-knee distance, hip adduction, modified Ashworth scale, GMFMu, total score and total score without aids, GAS |
Drug study without measurement properties | McCrory [65] | 2009 | Adults with hemiplegic stroke, severe/moderately severe spasticity | Botulinum toxin for upper limbs | Placebo | QoLv, GAS, pain, mood, global benefit, MASw, disability and carer burden |
Drug study without measurement properties | Molenaers [66] | 2013 | CP patients with lower limb BTX-A treatment, younger than 24Â years of age | BTX-A treatment | None | GAS |
Drug study without measurement properties | Nott [67] | 2014 | Community dwelling adults with acquired brain injury | Botox injections | None | GAS, MAS, TSAx, ARATy |
Drug study without measurement properties | Olesch [68] | 2010 | Children with hemiplegic CP | BoNT-A injections + occupational therapy | Occupational therapy alone | COPMz, GAS, QUESTaa, PDMS-FMab, MTSac |
Drug study without measurement properties | Rice [69] | 2009 | Children with predominantly dystonic CP | Trihexyphenidyl | Placebo | Global dystonia (BAD-scalead), QUEST, COPM, GAS |
Drug study without measurement properties | Rockwood [70] | 2006 | Mild to moderate AD patients | Galantamine | placebo | GAS, ADAS-cogae, CIBIC-plusaf, DADag, CBSah |
Drug study without measurement properties | Rockwood [71] | 2007-a | Patients with mild to moderate AD | Galantamine | placebo | GAS, ADAS-cog, DAD, CBS. |
Drug study without measurement properties | Rockwood [72] | 2007-b | Patients diagnosed with mild to moderate AD | 5Â mg of donepezil for 3Â months, thereafter flexibly dosed (5 or 10Â mg) | None | ADAS-cog, CIBIC-plus, P-GAS, C-GAS |
Drug study without measurement properties | Rockwood [73] | 2010 | Mild to moderate Alzheimer’s Disease patients | Flexibly dosed galantamine for 16 weeks, followed by 16 week open-label phase | Placebo | ADAS-cog, CIBIC-plus, P-GAS and C-GAS |
Drug study without measurement properties | Russo [74] | 2007 | Children (3–16 years) with hemiplegic cerebral palsy | Localized injection of BTX-A and 4 weeks of occupational therapy | 4 weeks of occupational therapy | Body structure (Tardieu scale, Ashworth scale), AMPSai, GAS, PEDIaj, QoLak |
Drug study without measurement properties | Scheinberg [75] | 2006 | Children aged between 1 and 15Â years with CP and clinically significant spasticity | Oral baclofen | Placebo | GAS, MTSal, PEDI, parental satisfaction of the effects of the medication |
Drug study without measurement properties | Schramm [76] | 2014 | Patients aged 18Â years or older with focal or segmental spasticity showing indication for treatment | Onabotulinum toxin A | None | MASam, spasticity pattern, pain, active hand function, FACan, gait, timed up and go test, goals and treatment parameters, general outcome parameters |
Drug study without measurement properties | Turner- Stokes [77] | 2007 | Patients with regional spasticity following acute stroke or brain injury intervention | Serial injections of botulinum toxin | None | MAS, Associated Reaction rating scale, gait pattern, shoulderQ, functional independence (LASISao), GAS |
Drug study without measurement properties | Wallen [78] | 2004 | Children with spastic cerebral palsy between the age of 1 and 14Â years | Botulinum toxin type A injections | None | COPMap, GAS, Melbourne assessment, CHQaq, parent questionnaire, MAS, Tardieu Scale, range of motion |
Drug study without measurement properties | Wallen [79] | 2007 | Children with CP affecting 1 or both upper limbs, aged 2–14 | Single set of BTX-A injections and 12 weeks of occupational therapy | Only occupational therapy or no treatment | COPM, GAS, MAUULFar, CHQ |
Drug study without measurement properties | Ward [80] | 2009 | Children with spasticity and/or dystonia, as classified by a rehabilitation consultant | Intrathecal baclofen therapy | None | COMPas, GAS |
Drug study without measurement properties | Ward [81] | 2014 | Adults with focal post-stroke spasticity | Onabotulinumtoxin-A + standard of care | Placebo + standard of care | Number of patients achieving their principal active functional goal, or achieving a different goal at 24 weeks |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Bovend’Eert [37] | 2011 | Hospital patients with neurological disorders participating in a RCT | A motor imagery program integrated into physiotherapy and occupational therapy; refers to a previous study [82] |  |  |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Brown [32] | 1998 | Nonambulatory patients who had limited adaptive behavior | Ability-focused physical therapy | None | GAS (treatment goals and control goals) |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Fisher [83] | 2002 | Patients in a rehabilitation pain management program | Multidisciplinary structured educational program of physiotherapy, occupational therapy and clinical psychology | None | GAS, timed tests of physical mobility measures, MPQat, NRSau, ODQav, GHQaw, PAIRSax |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Gordon [30] | 1999 | Nursing-home patients (elderly and disabled) | Specialized geriatric medicine consultation | None | Effect size and relative efficiency of the Barthel Index, hierarchical assessment of balance and mobility, global deterioration scale, axis 8 (behavior) of the brief cognitive rating scale, cumulative illness rating scale and GAS |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Hartman [39] | 1997 | Residents of a SCU for persons with dementia | None | None | GAS, COPMay, Cognitive Competency Test, Hierarchic Dementia Scale, Leisure Competence Measure, Leisurescope |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Khan [40] | 2008 | Persons with MS admitted for comprehensive rehabilitation program | MS rehabilitation program | None | GAS, FIMaz, Barthel Index, Clinical Global Impression |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Palisano [21] | 1993 | Infants (4–24 months) with motor delays | 2-h intervention session by an interdisciplinary team | None | GAS, Peabody Developmental Gross Motor Scale, behavioral objective, Movement assessment of infants |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Rockwood [31] | 1993 | Geriatric patients admitted to geriatric inpatient wards | None | None | GAS, Barthel Index, Functional Independence Measure, Physical Self-Maintenance Scale, Katz Activities of Daily Living Index, Spitzer Quality of Life Index |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Rockwood [33] | 1997 | Patients undergoing cognitive rehabilitation | None | None | GAS, Rappaport Disability Rating Scale, Kohlman Evaluation of Daily Living Skills, Milwaukee Evaluation of Daily Living, Kleinbell elimination scale and mobility scale, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale, Spitzer Quality of Life Index |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Rockwood [41] | 2003 | Frail elderly | Specialized geriatric intervention | usual care | GAS, Barthel Index, Physical Self-maintenance scale, instrumental activities daily living, modified Spitzer Quality of Life Index |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Ruble [35] | 2012 | Autism patients | Psychosocial interventions | Unclear | GAS |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Ruble [36] | 2013-a | Autism patients | Web based and face-to-face coaching sessions | Placebo | Goal attainment (PET-GASba), process measures such as consultant and teacher fidelity |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Ruble [34] | 2013-b | Autism patients | Face-to-face, Compass intervention/face-to-face, web based compass intervention | Placebo (comparison group) | Child educational outcome, PET-GAS, language ability, autism severity, adaptive behavior, child engagement, maladaptive externalizing behavior |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Sheldon [84] | 1998 | Undergraduate students | Generating goals | None | A rated attainment scale, GAS |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Steenbeek [44] | 2011 | Children with cerebral palsy. Aged 2–13 years | Conventional multidisciplinary therapy | None | GAS, PEDIbb, GMFM-66bc |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Stolee [26] | 1999 | Geriatric patients | Care as usual | None | GAS, self-rated health, global clinical assessment, Barthel Index, OARS IADLbd scale, MMSEbe, NHPbf |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Stolee [22] | 2012 | Patients admitted to a geriatric day hospital | Geriatric day program | None | GAS |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Turner-Stokes [42] | 2009 | Consecutive patients admitted for rehabilitation following acquired brain injury (any cause) over 3 years | Neuro rehabilitation intervention | None | GAS, Functional Assessment Measure (UK FIM + FAM), Barthel Index |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Turner-Stokes [43] | 2010 | Upper-limb spasticity patients (after stroke) | Intramuscular botulinum toxin-A | Placebo | GAS, MASbg, Global Benefit, HADSbh, AQoLbi, Patient disability score, Carer burden score |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | 2013 | Adults with post-stroke upper limb spasticity treated with one cycle of BoNT-A | Botulinum toxin A | None | GAS, spasticity, standardized outcome measures, global benefits | |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Woodward [28] | 1978 | Families with a child between 6 and 16Â years of age who was referred for academic or behavioral problems at school | Family therapy | None | GAS |
Non-drug study with measurement properties | Yip [23] | 1998 | Patients admitted to the Geriatric Assessment and Rehabilitation Unit | Rehabilitation interventions | None | GAS (a modified version that uses a standardized menu of goals and attainment levels) |