Fig. 2
From: A simulation study on matched case-control designs in the perspective of causal diagrams
Bias (upper panels) and standard error (i.e. SE, lower panels) of log transformed odds ratio estimations for different effect sizes of CE and CD. Each line indicated one model. The left panel displayed the bias and standard error on the estimated values of exposure E for different odds ratio (from 1 to 10) of CE respectively. The right panel showed the bias and standard error of estimated values on exposure E for different odds ratio (from 1 to 10) of CD respectively. Note: model 1, unconditional logistic regression model without adjusting for C for non-matched case-control designs; model 2, unconditional logistic regression model with adjusting for C for non-matched case-control designs; model 3, unconditional logistic regression model without adjusting for C for matched case-control designs; model 4, unconditional logistic regression model with adjusting for C for matched case-control designs; model 5, conditional logistic regression model with adjusting for C for matched case-control designs