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Table 1 Example of separation due to a dichotomous predictor X against outcome Y

From: Performance of Firth-and logF-type penalized methods in risk prediction for small or sparse binary data

Complete separation

Quazi-complete separation

Y

Y

  

1

0

  

1

0

X

A

10

0

X

A

10

0

 

B

0

10

 

B

2

8

  1. Number in each cell indicates number of observations
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BMC Medical Research Methodology

ISSN: 1471-2288

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