Table 7 Intra-class correlation and regression calibration approaches to correct point and interval estimates assuming a classical measurement error model

Intra-class correlation [107]

Repeat measurements are available on the same individuals on the error prone dietary instrument.

No reference instrument is required just repeats of the dietary instrument of interest. However, the measurement errors in the repeated measures should be uncorrelated.

To be able to correct relative risk estimates and other regression slopes for bias. This approach can also be used to assess the reproducibility of a dietary instrument where a higher value indicates lower within-person variation.

Standard regression calibration [37, 42, 45]

External sample with gold standard reference instrument or repeat measures of the error prone dietary instrument of interest measure.

No correlation between the measurement errors in reference instrument and dietary instrument of interest.

To be able to correct relative risk estimates and other regression slopes for bias.

Multivariable regression calibration (MVRC) [42]

External sample with gold standard reference instrument or repeat measures of the error prone dietary instrument of interest measure.

No correlation between the measurement errors in reference instrument and dietary instrument of interest.

To be able to correct relative risk estimates and other regression slopes for bias.