Effectiveness of incentives and follow-up on increasing survey response rates and participation in field studies

Smith, Michael G.; Witte, Maryam; Rocha, Sarah; Basner, Mathias

doi:10.1186/s12874-019-0868-8

BMC Medical Research Methodology

Table 3 Results of the regression models for respondent interest in participating in the field study

From: Effectiveness of incentives and follow-up on increasing survey response rates and participation in field studies

Model and test relative to intercept-only model	Variable	Fixed effects			Variable level	Interest in field study
Model and test relative to intercept-only model	Variable	df	Wald χ²	p-value	Variable level	p-value	OR	95% CI
Model 1 χ²(6, n = 402) = 6.885, p = 0.332	Survey incentive	1	2.106	0.147	Gift card	Ref
	Survey incentive				$2	0.147	0.417	0.128–1.359
	Survey length	2	2.628	0.269	Short	Ref
					Medium	0.819	1.111	0.452–2.733
					Long	0.233	0.621	0.284–1.358
	Follow-up waves	2	1.735	0.420	0	Ref
					2	0.366	1.595	0.581–4.384
					3	0.811	1.130	0.414–3.090
	Field study incentive	1	0.001	0.971	150	Ref
	Field study incentive				200	0.971	1.011	0.550–1.861
Model 2 χ²(11, n = 402) = 20.832, p = 0.035	Survey incentive	1	2.095	0.148	Gift card	Ref
	Survey incentive				$2	0.148	0.408	0.121–1.373
	Survey length	2	2.854	0.240	Short	Ref
					Medium	0.753	1.158	0.463–2.899
					Long	0.234	0.615	0.277–1.369
	Follow-up waves	2	1.564	0.457	0	Ref
					2	0.422	1.529	0.543–4.310
					3	0.876	1.086	0.388–3.038
	Field study incentive	1	0.010	0.921	150	Ref
	Field study incentive				200	0.921	0.969	0.519–1.808
	Noise exposure category	4	10.830	0.029	< 40	Ref
					40–45	0.311	0.721	0.383–1.358
					45–50	0.150	1.619	0.841–3.118
					50–55	0.072	1.775	0.949–3.318
					> 55	0.171	1.558	0.826–2.940
	Direction	1	2.049	0.152	West
	Direction				East	0.152	0.738	0.487–1.119
Model 3 χ²(17, n = 359) = 63.308, p < 0.0001	Survey incentive	1	3.719	0.054	Gift card	Ref
	Survey incentive				$2	0.054	0.245	0.059–1.023
	Survey length	2	1.659	0.436	Short	Ref
					Medium	0.873	1.086	0.396–2.973
					Long	0.330	0.647	0.270–1.553
	Follow-up waves	2	1.461	0.482	0	Ref
					2	0.228	2.153	0.619–7.489
					3	0.332	1.851	0.534–6.421
	Field study incentive	1	0.164	0.685	150	Ref
	Field study incentive				200	0.685	1.160	0.565–2.381
	Noise exposure category	4	8.904	0.064	< 40	Ref
					40–45	0.803	0.909	0.430–1.924
					45–50	0.114	1.846	0.863–3.949
					50–55	0.029	2.304	1.088–4.875
					> 55	0.132	1.768	0.842–3.713
	Direction	1	0.642	0.423	West	Ref
	Direction				East	0. 423	0.823	0.511–1.326
	Sex	1	0.961	0.327	Female	Ref
	Sex				Male	0. 327	0.774	0.464–1.202
	Age category	5	33.150	< 0.0001	< 30	Ref
					30–39	0.073	0.140	0.016–1.202
					40–49	0.029	0.094	0.011–0.781
					50–59	0.010	0.065	0.008–0.525
					60–69	0.001	0.032	0.004–0.257
					≥70	< 0.001	0.022	0.003–0.183

All analyses excluded surveys that could not be delivered for any reason
df Degrees of Freedom, OR Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval, Ref Reference category
Statistically significant (p < 0.05) results are indicated with bold typeface. Results of borderline statistical significance (p = 0.05–0.1) are indicated with italic typeface

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