Fig. 2

a Outcomes over 1000 replications in simulation study for a sample size of 1000 and a high degree of separation between classes, Scenario 1. b Outcomes over 1000 replications in simulation study for a sample size of 1000 and a low degree of separation between classes, Scenario 1. c Outcomes over 1000 replications in simulation study for a sample size of 300 and a low degree of separation between classes, Scenario 1. d Outcomes over 1000 replications in simulation study for a sample size of 100 a low degree of separation between classes, Scenario 1. Negative variances and classification accuracy are conditional on class recovery: Only if the simulated classes. Are recovered, the other two outcomes can be calculated. Class recovery: proportion of replications in which simulated and estimated classes could be linked, No negative variances: proportion of replications in which no negative variances occurred, classification accuracy: proportion of individuals correctly assigned to a certain class. A value of 1.00 indicates the best possible performance