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Table 3 Top frequent keywords significantly Granger-caused the COVID-19 positivity trends

From: Need of care in interpreting Google Trends-based COVID-19 infodemiological study results: potential risk of false-positivity

Keywords

Total frequency

Regions

AU

CA

GB

IE

IN

JP

SG

US

ZA

Loss of smell

9

Sense of smell

5

-

-

-

-

Loss of taste

5

-

-

-

-

Cough

5

-

-

-

-

Runny nose

5

-

-

-

-

Shortness of breath

5

-

-

-

-

Sore

5

-

-

-

-

Sore throat

5

-

-

-

-

Stuffy nose

5

-

-

-

-

Diarrhea

4

-

-

-

-

-

Headache

4

-

-

-

-

-

Pneumonia

4

-

-

-

-

-

  1. Detailed results of the keywords that have significant Granger-causality to the COVID-19 positivity trends, in the order of frequency across all the countries. Only keywords that were significant in 4 or more countries (out of 9) are shown. The check mark indicates that the keyword (in row) had significant Granger-causality in that country (in column)
  2. Abbreviations: AU Australia, CA Canada, GB Great Britain, IE Ireland, IN India, JP Japan, SG Singapore, US United States, ZA South Africa, FDR False discovery rate, VAR Vector autoregression