Fig. 39

95 percentage coverage probability versus the nonadherence rate for using DAG 2 for 500 samples. The naive and both-stages adjusted 2SLS and 2SRI share the same line as they produce approximately the same coverage probability. The coverage probability is out of bound for the ITT methods with the non-null effect. Abbreviations: RD: risk difference, ITT: intention-to-treat, PP: per-protocol, AT: as-treated, IP-weighted PP: inverse probability-weighted per-protocol, 2SLS: two-stage least square, 2SRI: two-stage residual inclusion