Fig. 3From: The effect of missing data and imputation on the detection of bias in cognitive testing using differential item functioning methodsDistributions of errors in DIF estimates for (A) hearing impairment, (B) moderate to low education, and (C) black race due to different missing data scenarios across all cognitive tests and thresholds in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study (ARIC-NCS)Back to article page