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Table 4 Reference intervals of creatinine and urea established by GMM and SOM with more radical outlier detection strategy

From: Comparison of reference distributions acquired by direct and indirect sampling techniques: exemplified with the Pediatric Reference Interval in China (PRINCE) study

Age Groups

GMM Partitioned LIS

SOM Partitioned LIS

LL (90% CI)

UL (90% CI)

LL (90% CI)

UL (90% CI)

Creatinine (mmol/L)

 1 to < 6 years

19.4 (19.3, 19.6)

41.9 (41.7, 42.0)

17.5 (17.3, 17.7)

49.6 (49.2, 50.3)

 6 to < 12 years

28.5 (28.3, 28.6)

55.8 (55.6, 56.0)

26.5 (26.2, 26.7)

66.3 (65.5, 67.0)

 12 to < 17 years boys

38.0 (37.2, 38.5)

73.4 (72.9, 74.4)

39.6 (39.0, 40.1)

83.9 (82.6, 84.8)

 12 to < 17 years girls

35.1 (34.6, 35.6)

69.2 (68.9, 69.6)

30.3 (29.3, 31.2)

83.5 (80.6, 87.4)

Urea (mmol/L)

 1 to < 17 years

2.55 (2.53, 2.56)

6.05 (6.03, 6.06)

2.45 (2.43, 2.47)

5.93 (5.91, 5.97)

  1. LIS Laboratory Information System, GMM Gaussian Mixture Model, SOM Self-Organizing Map, LL lower limit, UL upper limit, CI confidence interval