Fig. 2

Average estimated effect of biomarker variability on survival outcome (\(\widehat{{\gamma }_{3}}\)) from the joint model and two-stage methods based on the second simulation, where the dotted red-line represents the true value (γ₃ = 0.5). A \(\widehat{{\gamma }_{3}}\) as function of varying SD of random intercept; B \(\widehat{{\gamma }_{3}}\) as function of varying SD of random slope; C \(\widehat{{\gamma }_{3}}\) as function of varying SD of within-subject variability; D \(\widehat{{\gamma }_{3}}\) as function of varying mean of within-subject variability