Assessing the effectiveness of empirical calibration under different bias scenarios

Table 3 Coverage of the outcome of interest by the 95% confidence interval without calibration and with empirical calibration

	Ideal—Suitable negative controls		Random—Suitable negative controls		Random—Unsuitable negative controls
	Calibrated	Uncalibrated	Calibrated	Uncalibrated	Calibrated	Uncalibrated
Unmeasured Confounder	0.79	0.31	0.91	0.31	0.36	0.31
Model misspecification Quadratic term	0.99	0.75	0.99	0.72	0.82	0.74
Model misspecification Interaction term	0.87	0.96	0.98	0.94	0.96	0.94
Non-positivity	0.96	0.94	0.94	0.94	0.96	0.95
Measurement error	0.96	0.95	0.96	0.95	NA	NA

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