Table 1 Characteristics of the participants (N = 1,355)

Gender

0.523 ^a

 Male

435 (32.10%)

321 (32.10%)

114 (32.11%)

 Female

920 (67.90%)

679 (67.90%)

241 (67.89%)

Age

48 [36–58]

49 [36–58]

47 [36–57]

0.602 ^b

 19–59 years

1,086 (80.15%)

793 (79.30%)

293 (82.54%)

0.108 ^a

 ≥ 60 years

269 (19.85%)

207 (20.70%)

62 (17.46%)

Ethnicity (n = 1,353)

0.889 ^a

 Thai

1,214 (89.72%)

897 (89.70%)

317 (89.80%)

 Thai-Yong

123 (9.09%)

92 (9.20%)

31 (8.78%)

 Thai-Laotian

4 (0.30%)

3 (0.10%)

1 (0.28%)

 Thai-Chinese

3 (0.22%)

2 (0.20%)

1 (0.28%)

 Tai Lue

7 (0.52%)

4 (0.40%)

3 (0.85%)

 Others

2 (0.15%)

2 (0.20%)

0 (0%)

Nationality (n = 1,352)

0.751 ^a

 Thai

1,244 (92.01%)

916 (91.88%)

328 (92.39%)

 Thai-Yong

104 (7.69%)

78 (7.82%)

26 (7.32%)

 Thai-Laotian

2 (0.15%)

1 (0.10%)

1 (0.28%)

 Tai Lue

2 (0.15%)

2 (0.20%)

0 (0%)

Relationship status (n = 1,354)

0.991 ^a

 Single

242 (17.87%)

179 (17.92%)

63 (17.75%)

 Married/with a partner

880 (64.99%)

650 (65.07%)

230 (64.79%)

 Divorced

100 (7.39%)

74 (7.41%)

26 (7.32%)

 Widowed

132 (9.75%)

96 (9.61%)

36 (10.14%)

Educational level (n = 1,345)

0.242 ^a

 None

25 (1.86%)

15 (1.51%)

10 (2.84%)

 Primary school

610 (45.36%)

459 (46.22%)

151 (42.90%)

 Lower secondary school

198 (14.72%)

145 (14.60%)

53 (15.06%)

 Upper secondary school

184 (13.68%)

136 (13.70%)

48 (13.64%)

 Diploma

173 (12.86%)

117 (11.78%)

56 (15.91%)

 Bachelor

139 (10.33%)

108 (10.88%)

31 (8.81%)

 Masters

16 (1.19%)

13 (1.31%)

3 (0.85%)

Occupation (n = 1,348)

0.223 ^a

 Unemployed

215 (15.95%)

161 (16.18%)

54 (15.30%)

 Employee

602 (44.66%)

451 (45.33%)

151 (42.78%)

 Government official

78 (5.79%)

61 (6.13%)

17 (4.82%)

 Merchant

149 (11.05%)

101 (10.15%)

48 (13.60%)

 Agriculturist

220 (16.32%)

164 (16.48%)

56 (15.86%)

 Business owner

52 (3.86%)

32 (3.22%)

20 (5.67%)

 Student

32 (2.37%)

25 (2.51%)

7 (1.98%)

Income (baht/month) (n = 1,340)

0.254 ^a

 < 5,000

655 (48.88%)

495 (49.95%)

160 (45.85%)

 5,000–10,000

434 (32.39%)

318 (32.09%)

116 (33.24%)

 10,001–20,000

198 (14.78%)

137 (13.82%)

61 (17.48%)

 20,001–40,000

39 (2.91%)

32 (3.23%)

7 (2.01%)

 40,001–60,000

9 (0.67%)

5 (0.50%)

4 (1.15%)

 > 60,000

5 (0.37%)

4 (0.40%)

1 (0.29%)

Underlying disease (n = 1,341)

0.278 ^a

 No

829 (61.82%)

620 (62.69%)

209 (59.38%)

 Yes

512 (38.18%)

369 (37.31%)

143 (40.63%)