Table 2 Extrinsic motivation continuum applied to research study recruitment – adapted from Ryan and Deci [42]
Regulatory styles | External Regulation | Introjection | Identification | Integration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Associated processes | Motivated by reward or avoiding negative outcome | Motivated by obligation/guilt or a desire for approval from others | Motivated by an appreciation for the activity and importance of achieving goals | Motivated by an alignment between the goals of an activity with other personal goals and values |
Example | Taking part in a physical activity study to receive a £10 gift voucher | Taking part in a study on physical activity as friends have already signed-up | Taking part in a study because improving physical activity is an important personal goal | Taking part in a study because it aligns with broader beliefs and values; there are no internal conflicts or incongruities |
Perceived local of causality | External | Somewhat external | Somewhat internal | Internal |