Sections | TRIPOD items | Overall | Type of prediction model study | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 121) | Model development | External validation | Incremental value | Development and external validation | ||
 | (N = 93) | (N = 10) | (N = 6) | (N = 12) | ||
Title | 1 Study presentation in title | 16 (13.2) | 5 (5.4) | 1 (10.0) | 2 (33.3) | 8 (66.7) |
Abstract | 2 Summary of the study | 7 (5.8) | 2 (2.2) | 3 (30.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (16.7) |
Background and objectives | 3a Key contents of background | 114 (94.2) | 87 (93.5) | 9 (90.0) | 6 (100.0) | 12 (100.0) |
3b objectives of model | 119 (98.3) | 91 (97.8) | 10 (100.0) | 6 (100.0) | 12 (100.0) | |
Methods | ||||||
 Source of data | 4a Design/data source | 119 (98.3) | 91 (97.8) | 10 (100.0) | 6 (100.0) | 12 (100.0) |
4b Study dates | 33 (27.3) | 21 (22.6) | 5 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (58.3) | |
 Participants | 5a Key elements of setting | 97 (80.2) | 71 (76.3) | 9 (90.0) | 6 (100.0) | 11 (91.7) |
5b Participant eligibility | 115 (95.0) | 88 (94.6) | 9 (90.0) | 6 (100.0) | 4 (100.0) | |
5c Details of treatments | 24/37 (64.9) a | 16/26 (61.5) a | 0/2 (0.00) | 2/2 (100.0) a | 6/7 (85.7) a | |
 Outcome | 6a Outcome definition | 96 (79.3) | 75 (80.6) | 8 (80.0) | 3 (50.0) | 10 (83.3) |
6b Blind assessment of outcome | 49 (40.5) | 37 (39.8) | 3 (30.0) | 1 (16.7) | 8 (66.7) | |
 Predictors | 7a Predictor definition | 82 (67.8) | 61 (65.6) | 8 (80.0) | 4 (66.7) | 83 (68.0) |
7b Blind assessment | 3 (2.5) | 3 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0)) | |
 Sample size | 8 How to arrive at the size | 18 (14.9) | 12 (12.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (16.7) | 5 (41.7) |
 Missing data | 9 Handling missing data | 36 (29.8) | 24 (25.8) | 2 (20.0) | 1 (16.7) | 9 (75.0) |
 Statistical analysis method | 10a Predictor handling | 15/111 (13.5) a | 9 (9.7) | NA | 0 (0.0) | 6 (50.0) |
10b Model-building procedures | 5/111 (4.5) a | 4 (4.3) | NA | 0 (0.0) | 1 (8.3) | |
10c Calculation for validation | 23/28 (82.1) a | NA | 9 (90.0) | 2 (33.3) | 12 (100.0) | |
10d Model performance | 22/111 (19.8) a | 15/87 (17.2) a | 3/7 (42.9) a | 0/5 (0.0) a | 4 (33.3) | |
10e Model updating | 7/11 (63.6) a | NA | 1/4 (25.0) a | 6 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) a | |
 Risk groups | 11 Details to create risk groups | 18/41 (43.9) a | 10/30 (33.3) a | 3/3 (100.0) | NA | 5/8 (62.5) |
 Development vs. validation | 12 Differences of validation from development | 17/28 (60.7) a | NA | 2 (20.0) | 6 (100.0) | 9 (75.0) |
Results | ||||||
 Participants | 13a Flow of participants through the study | 10 (8.3) | 7 (7.5) | 1 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (16.7) |
13b Characteristics of participants | 40 (33.1) | 24 (25.8) | 4 (40.0) | 3 (50.0) | 9 (75.0) | |
13c Comparison of validation with development | 15/28 (53.6) a | NA | 2 (20.0) | 6(100.0) | 7 (58.3) | |
 Model development | 14a Numbers | 104/111 (93.7) a | 87 (93.5) | NA | 6 (100.0) | 11 (91.7) |
14b Unadjusted association of each candidate predictor and outcome | 60/94 (63.8) a | 48/80 (60.0) a | NA | 4/4 (100.0) a | 8/10 (80.0) a | |
 Model specification | 15a Present the full model | 49/111 (44.1) a | 40 (43.0) | NA | 2 (33.3) | 7 (58.3) |
15b How to use the model | 15/111 (13.5) a | 8 (8.6) | NA | 0 (0.0) | 7 (58.3) | |
 Model performance | 16 Performance measures | 16/111 (14.4) a | 9/87 (10.3) a | 3/7 (42.9) a | 0/5 (0.0) a | 4 (33.3) |
 Model updating | 17 Results from any updating | 1/2 (50.0) a | NA | 1/2 (50.0) a | NA | 0 (0.0) |
Discussion | ||||||
 Limitations | 18 Any limitations of the study | 113 (93.4) | 89 (95.7) | 9 (90.0) | 4 (66.7) | 11 (91.7) |
 Interpretations | 19a Comparing results of validation with development | 24/28 (85.7) a | NA | 6 (60.0) | 6 (100.0) | 12 (100.0) |
19b Overall interpretation of results | 120 (99.2) | 92 (98.9) | 10 (100.0) | 6 (100.0) | 12 (100.0) | |
 Implications | 20 Potential implication | 75 (62.0) | 59 (63.4) | 4 (40.0) | 2 (33.3) | 10 (83.3) |
Other information | ||||||
 Supplementary information | 21 Information about supplementary resources (Optional) | 53 (43.8) | 44 (47.3) | 1 (10.0) | 1 (16.7) | 7 (58.3) |
 Funding | 22 Funding information | 14 (11.6) | 9 (9.7) | 1 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (33.3) |