Fig. 4

Prevalence of dementia in CVCR and other studies in China by male group aged 80–89. Different colours represent different research years, dark blue for 1998, orange for 2011 and green for 2019. The results of the GBD study are shown in light blue and were considered as a reference in different years. The top two panels show the estimated results in CVCRwith and without PSS. Prevalence is expressed as the mean (95% CI). Prevalence in 2011 was estimated from the CVCR platform, and prevalence in 1998 and 2020 was estimated from published data by Zhao et al. and Jia et al., respectively. GBD data were obtained from the GHDx database