Table 6 Measurement invariance analysis for HSR without and with adjustment

configural

65.47

***

(28)

-

.106

-

.887

-

3599.87

configural modified

41.27* (26)

-

.071

-

.954

3574.58

metric

62.02** (33)

20.25** (8)

.086

.015

.912

.042

3582.79

scalar

90.93*** (40)

29.38*** (8)

.104

.018

.846

.066

3599.09

n (English) = 145; n (Arabic) = 91

configural

53.98** (28)

-

.097

-

.850

-

3458.44

metric

64.42** (35)

10.80 (24)

.092

.005

.830

.020

3480.28

scalar

78.21** (42)

15.75** (6)

.093

-.001

.791

.039

3478.99

n (English) = 117; n (Arabic) = 81

configural

43.67* (28)

-

.075

-

.954

-

4872.06

metric

51.90* (35)

6.77 (8)

.070

-.005

.951

.003

4865.25

scalar

65.59* (42)

16.37** (6)

.075

.005

.931

.020

4865.85

n (English) = 117; n (Arabic) = 81

configural

80.22 (64)

-

0.052

-

.946

-

3013.75

metric

100.97*** (71)

18.92** (8)

0.067

.012

.900

.046

3021.20

scalar

113.44** (78)

12.75* (6)

0.069

.002

.882

.018

3018.84

n (English) = 114; n (Arabic) = 75

configural

64.34*** (28)

-

0.111

-

.887

-

3322.65

configural modified

41.57* (26)

0.075

0.952

3298.36

metric

66.87** (33)

25.80**(7)

0.099

.024

0.895

.057

3310.24

scalar

72.67** (40)

6.14 (8)

0.088

-.011

0.898

-.003

3301.69

n (English) = 130; n (Arabic) = 81

configural

44.03* (28)

-

0.085

-

.932

-

2478.16

metric

63.36** (35)

17.74** (8)

0.101

.016

.880

.052

2487.48

scalar

73.55** (42)

10.08 (8)

0.098

-.002

.866

-.014

2486.10

n (English) = 93; n (Arabic) = 65