Table 4 Overview Of methods for model validation across studies (N = 28 studies)
Type of validation methods | Number of studies | Featuring studies |
|---|---|---|
Internal validation | 19 | Â |
Training/testing split | 15 | 26,27,29,31,32,36,38–41,44,46,49,50,53 |
Resampling involving k-fold cross-validation | 4 | 35,42,48,52 |
External validation | 6 | Â |
An independent dataset for validation | 5 | 30,34,37,43,47 |
Prospective validation | 1 | 51 |
No validation | 3 | 28,33,45 |