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Fig. 1 | BMC Medical Research Methodology

Fig. 1

From: A data-adaptive method for investigating effect heterogeneity with high-dimensional covariates in Mendelian randomization

Fig. 1

Diagram illustrating the rank preserving assumption for a dichotomous instrumental variable Z with counterfactual covariate distributions \(\varvec{M}(0)\) (the black group) and \(\varvec{M}(1)\) (the blue group). The dashed arrow represents the one-to-one mapping from the counterfactual covariate value with \(Z=0\) to the counterfactual covariate value with \(Z=1\)

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BMC Medical Research Methodology

ISSN: 1471-2288

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