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Fig. 2 | BMC Medical Research Methodology

Fig. 2

From: Change analysis for intermediate disease markers in nutritional epidemiology: a causal inference perspective

Fig. 2

Simulation results for different change analysis models under various extents of unobserved heterogeneity. Parameter \(\theta\) indicates the relation of the unobserved time-invariant individual characteristic and exposure, thus representing the extent of the unobserved confounding. The black dashed line represents the true causal effect of exposure on outcome

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BMC Medical Research Methodology

ISSN: 1471-2288

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