Fig. 7

Regression coefficients (effect sizes) of the predicted Δ-values in a Cox PH model with time-to-mortality as the outcome, using the LLS data and 59 metabolic variables as predictor variables. The predicted Δ-values were calculated using 4 methods: using ridge regression (method 1), using multiple linear regression on a subset of metabolites (method 2), taking a linear combination where each metabolic variable was assigned the same weight (method 3), and taking a linear combination where each metabolic variable was assigned a weight randomly drawn from a standard uniform distribution, repeated 1,000 times (histogram, method 4; median of histogram values denoted by grey dashed line)