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  1. Reporting numbers needed to treat (NNT) improves interpretability of trial results. It is unusual that continuous outcomes are converted to numbers of individual responders to treatment (i.e., those who reach ...

    Authors: Robert Froud, Sandra Eldridge, Ranjit Lall and Martin Underwood
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:35
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. In 1999 a four-level hierarchy of evidence was promoted by the National Health and Medical Research Council in Australia. The primary purpose of this hierarchy was to assist with clinical practice guideline de...

    Authors: Tracy Merlin, Adele Weston and Rebecca Tooher
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:34
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. It is often desirable to observe how a disease progresses over time in individual patients, rather than graphing group averages; and since multiple outcomes are typically recorded on each patient, it would be ...

    Authors: Stanley E Lazic, Sarah L Mason, Andrew W Michell and Roger A Barker
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:32
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) allow systematic assessment of preferences by asking respondents to choose between scenarios. We conducted a labelled discrete choice experiment with realistic choices to inv...

    Authors: Michelle E Kruijshaar, Marie-Louise Essink-Bot, Bas Donkers, Caspar WN Looman, Peter D Siersema and Ewout W Steyerberg
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:31
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. The problem of silent multiple comparisons is one of the most difficult statistical problems faced by scientists. It is a particular problem for investigating a one-off cancer cluster reported to a health depa...

    Authors: Michael D Coory, Rachael A Wills and Adrian G Barnett
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:30
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Systematic review and meta-analysis currently underpin much of evidence-based medicine. Such methodologies bring order to previous research, but future research planning remains relatively incoherent and ineffici...

    Authors: Alexander J Sutton, Nicola J Cooper and David R Jones
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:29
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Health-related quality of life is a topic of current interest. This paper considers a randomized phase III study of radiation therapy with concurrent chemotherapy (docetaxel) versus radiation therapy alone in ...

    Authors: Nina Gunnes, Taral G Seierstad, Steinar Aamdal, Paal F Brunsvig, Anne-Birgitte Jacobsen, Stein Sundstrøm and Odd O Aalen
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:28
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Physical activity is being studied as a breast cancer prevention strategy. Women at risk of breast cancer report interest in lifestyle modification, but recruitment to randomized physical activity intervention...

    Authors: Larissa A Korde, Amy Micheli, Ashley W Smith, David Venzon, Sheila A Prindiville, Bart Drinkard, Nancy Sebring, Marcia D Smith, Jo Anne Zujewski and Jennifer Eng-Wong
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:27
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Many recently published clinical studies report sex-specific data. This information may help to improve clinical decision-making for both sexes, but it is not easily accessible in MEDLINE. The aim of this proj...

    Authors: Clara J Moerman, Rikie Deurenberg and Joke A Haafkens
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:25
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Stents are commonly used to treat patients with coronary artery disease. However, the quality of reporting internal and external validity data in published reports of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of ste...

    Authors: Morgane Ethgen, lsabelle Boutron, Philippe Gabriel Steg, Carine Roy and Philippe Ravaud
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:24
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Data from scientific literature show that about 63% of abstracts presented at biomedical conferences will be published in full. Some studies have indicated that full publication is associated with the directio...

    Authors: Simona Vecchi, Valeria Belleudi, Laura Amato, Marina Davoli and Carlo A Perucci
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:23
    Content type: Correspondence Published on:

  14. In clinical practice a diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical history, physical examination and additional diagnostic tests. At present, studies on diagnostic research often report the accuracy of tes...

    Authors: Kimiko A Broeze, Brent C Opmeer, Lucas M Bachmann, Frank J Broekmans, Patrick MM Bossuyt, Sjors FPJ Coppus, Neil P Johnson, Khalid S Khan, Gerben ter Riet, Fulco van der Veen, Madelon van Wely and Ben WJ Mol
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:22
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  16. Latinos comprise the largest racial/ethnic group in the United States and have 2–3 times the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus as Caucasians.

    Authors: Philip A Merriam, Trinidad L Tellez, Milagros C Rosal, Barbara C Olendzki, Yunsheng Ma, Sherry L Pagoto and Ira S Ockene
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:20
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  17. Understanding participation in a prospective study is crucial to maintaining and improving retention rates. In 1990–92, following attempted blood donation at five blood centers, we enrolled 155 HTLV-I, 387 HTL...

    Authors: Deborah A DeVita, Mary C White, Xin Zhao, Zhanna Kaidarova and Edward L Murphy
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:19
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Parental rearing behavior is a significant etiological factor for the vulnerability of psychopathology and has been an issue of clinical research for a long time. For this scope instruments are important who a...

    Authors: Katja Petrowski, Hendrik Berth, Silke Schmidt, Jörg Schumacher, Andreas Hinz and Elmar Brähler
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:17
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Systematic reviews have developed into a powerful method for summarising and synthesising evidence. The rise in systematic reviews creates a methodological opportunity and associated challenges and this is see...

    Authors: Rebecca E Ryan, Caroline A Kaufman and Sophie J Hill
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:16
    Content type: Correspondence Published on:

  21. The purpose of this article is to describe and evaluate the methodology of online focus group discussions within the setting of paediatric oncology.

    Authors: Kiek Tates, Marieke Zwaanswijk, Roel Otten, Sandra van Dulmen, Peter M Hoogerbrugge, Willem A Kamps and Jozien M Bensing
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:15
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. The feasibility of randomized trials often depends on successful patient recruitment. Although numerous recruitment barriers have been identified it is unclear which of them complicate recruitment most. Also, ...

    Authors: Anne Spaar, Martin Frey, Alexander Turk, Werner Karrer and Milo A Puhan
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:14
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. In this study we explored the challenges to establishing a community of practice (CoP) to address standards in general practice. We focused on the issue of improving referral letters which are the main form of...

    Authors: Moyez Jiwa, Kathleen Deas, Jackie Ross, Tim Shaw, Helen Wilcox and Katrina Spilsbury
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:13
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. In neonatal trials of pre-term or low-birth-weight infants, twins may represent 10–20% of the study sample. Mixed-effects models and generalized estimating equations are common approaches for handling correlat...

    Authors: Michele L Shaffer, Allen R Kunselman and Kristi L Watterberg
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:12
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Laser-Doppler imaging (LDI) of cutaneous blood flow is beginning to be used by burn surgeons to predict the healing time of burn wounds; predicted healing time is used to determine wound treatment as either dr...

    Authors: Rose D Baker, Christian Weinand, James C Jeng, Henk Hoeksema, Stan Monstrey, Sarah A Pape, Robert Spence and David Wilson
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:11
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Multivariate analysis of interval censored event data based on classical likelihood methods is notoriously cumbersome. Likelihood inference for models which additionally include random effects are not availabl...

    Authors: Volkmar Henschel, Jutta Engel, Dieter Hölzel and Ulrich Mansmann
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:9
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Extraneous distractions may influence the flow of general practice consultations. This study piloted a methodology to examine the impact of interrupting general practitioners (GPs) while consulting actor-patie...

    Authors: Moyez Jiwa, Robert McKinley, Carolyn O'Shea, Hayley Arnet, Katrina Spilsbury and Marthe Smith
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:8
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Attributable fractions (AF) assess the proportion of cases in a population attributable to certain risk factors but are infrequently reported and mostly calculated without considering potential confounders. Wh...

    Authors: Simon Rückinger, Rüdiger von Kries and André Michael Toschke
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Kappa is commonly used when assessing the agreement of conditions with reference standard, but has been criticized for being highly dependent on the prevalence. To overcome this limitation, a prevalence-adjust...

    Authors: Guanmin Chen, Peter Faris, Brenda Hemmelgarn, Robin L Walker and Hude Quan
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. To compare the diagnostic accuracy of two continuous screening tests, a common approach is to test the difference between the areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. After study partici...

    Authors: Deborah H Glueck, Molly M Lamb, Colin I O'Donnell, Brandy M Ringham, John T Brinton, Keith E Muller, John M Lewin, Todd A Alonzo and Etta D Pisano
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Quality assessment tools for primary studies of test accuracy are relatively well developed, although only one is validated (QUADAS), but very little work has been done to develop tools to quality-assess studi...

    Authors: Catherine A Meads and Clare F Davenport
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:3
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. In meta-analysis, the presence of funnel plot asymmetry is attributed to publication or other small-study effects, which causes larger effects to be observed in the smaller studies. This issue potentially mean...

    Authors: Santiago G Moreno, Alex J Sutton, AE Ades, Tom D Stanley, Keith R Abrams, Jaime L Peters and Nicola J Cooper
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. It can be challenging for patients and clinicians to properly interpret a change in the clinical condition after a treatment has been given. It is not known to which extent spontaneous improvement, effect of p...

    Authors: Lasse Theis Krogsbøll, Asbjørn Hróbjartsson and Peter C Gøtzsche
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009 9:1
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Many epidemiologic studies report the odds ratio as a measure of association for cross-sectional studies with common outcomes. In such cases, the prevalence ratios may not be inferred from the estimated odds r...

    Authors: Carlos Antônio ST Santos, Rosemeire L Fiaccone, Nelson F Oliveira, Sérgio Cunha, Maurício L Barreto, Maria Beatriz B do Carmo, Ana-Lucia Moncayo, Laura C Rodrigues, Philip J Cooper and Leila D Amorim
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2008 8:80
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. The heterogeneity statistic I 2, interpreted as the percentage of variability due to heterogeneity between studies rather than sampling error, depends on precision, that is, the size of the studies included.

    Authors: Gerta Rücker, Guido Schwarzer, James R Carpenter and Martin Schumacher
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2008 8:79
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. The practice of dichotomizing a continuous outcome variable does not make use of within-category information. That means the loss of information. This study compared two approaches in the modelling of the asso...

    Authors: Enayatollah Bakhshi, Mohammad R Eshraghian, Kazem Mohammad and Behjat Seifi
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2008 8:78
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. The National Database for Nursing Quality Indicators® (NDNQI®) was established in 1998 to assist hospitals in monitoring indicators of nursing quality (eg, falls and pressure ulcers). Hospitals participating in N...

    Authors: Byron J Gajewski, Jonathan D Mahnken and Nancy Dunton
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2008 8:77
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Additional insights into patient preferences can be gained by supplementing discrete choice experiments with best-worst choice tasks. However, there are no empirical studies illustrating the relative advantage...

    Authors: Terry N Flynn, Jordan J Louviere, Tim J Peters and Joanna Coast
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2008 8:76
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. A common feature of diagnostic research is that results for a diagnostic gold standard are available primarily for patients who are positive for the test under investigation. Data from such studies are subject...

    Authors: Angel M Cronin and Andrew J Vickers
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2008 8:75
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. There is little information on the validity of using record linkage with routinely collected data for case ascertainment of stroke in large population-based studies in the UK. We examined the accuracy of these...

    Authors: Shubhada Sinha, Phyo K Myint, Robert N Luben and Kay-Tee Khaw
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2008 8:74
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important cause of acquired disability. In evaluating the effectiveness of clinical interventions for TBI it is important to measure disability accurately. The Glasgow Outcom...

    Authors: Pablo Perel, Phil Edwards, Haleema Shakur and Ian Roberts
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2008 8:72
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Epidemiological and other studies that require participants to respond by completing a questionnaire face the growing threat of non-response. Response rates to household telephone surveys are diminishing becau...

    Authors: Joanne O'Toole, Martha Sinclair and Karin Leder
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2008 8:71
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. The objective of most biomedical research is to determine an unbiased estimate of effect for an exposure on an outcome, i.e. to make causal inferences about the exposure. Recent developments in epidemiology ha...

    Authors: Ian Shrier and Robert W Platt
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2008 8:70
    Content type: Correspondence Published on:

  47. In population studies, body mass index (BMI) is generally calculated from self-reported body weight and height. The self-report of these anthropometrics is known to be biased, resulting in a misclassification ...

    Authors: Johanna C Dekkers, Marieke F van Wier, Ingrid JM Hendriksen, Jos WR Twisk and Willem van Mechelen
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2008 8:69
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square (PLS) regression may be useful to summarize the HIV genotypic information. Without pre-selection each mutation presented in at least one patient is c...

    Authors: Linda Wittkop, Daniel Commenges, Isabelle Pellegrin, Dominique Breilh, Didier Neau, Denis Lacoste, Jean-Luc Pellegrin, Geneviève Chêne, François Dabis and Rodolphe Thiébaut
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2008 8:68
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Edwards's method is a widely used approach for fitting a sine curve to a time-series of monthly frequencies. From this fitted curve, estimates of the seasonal intensity of occurrence (i.e., peak-to-low ratio o...

    Authors: M Alan Brookhart and Kenneth J Rothman
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2008 8:67
    Content type: Technical advance Published on:

  50. Database systems have been developed to store data from large medical trials and survey studies. However, a reliable data storage system does not guarantee data entering reliability.

    Authors: Davide Mauri, Vasiliki Karampoiki, Jacopo Mauri, Konstantinos Kamposioras, Georgios Alexiou, Georgios Ferentinos, Lamprini Tsali, Ioanna Karathanasi and Christina Peponi
    Citation: BMC Medical Research Methodology 2008 8:66
    Content type: Research article Published on:
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BMC Medical Research Methodology

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